It was entitled Greater United States. 19. The 18981899 annexations showed U.S. thinkers their country from a new perspective. Those examples are merely suggestive. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, . The Spanish-American war and A defence of the McKinley administration from attacks of Mr. Carl Schurz and other anti-imperialists. <> Now lets look at Entrepreneurial Leadership Following the United States' annexation of the Philippines, _____ led a revolt against the U.S. that resulted in more U.S. casualties than the number who . Chronological List of United States Expansion - Weber State University The maps came in two kinds: box maps, which showed the North American landmass plus the colonies arranged in boxes (as Alaska and Hawaii are usually displayed today), and world maps, with all U.S. territory highlighted in color, in the manner of British imperial maps. It was a moment when the United States briefly flirted with outright territorial conquest before turning toward other, harder-to-see forms of global power. Well before all of the continental territories became states, the United States embarked on a second phase of territorial history: overseas territories. 1. Why has this figure, who seems so immediately fascinating, not part of mainstream U.S. historiography? . In the 1840s and 1850s, US leaders saw Cuba's strategic importance Annexation by the United States Read . African Americans, frequently understood to be victims of internal colonization, are a small and subjugated part of the population. Soo Sung Cho, Korea in World Politics, 19401950: An Evaluation of American Responsibility (Berkeley, CA, 1967), 23, 34. 8. To the story of the United States attempt to encompass Indians within its territorial framework should be added the story of the United States grappling with self-constituted Indian polities, on which see Brian DeLay, Indian Polities, Empire, and the History of American Foreign Relations, Diplomatic History 39, no. 44. [from old catalog] Created / Published Boston, Small, Maynard & company, 1904. The reason for Oklahomas long period of territorial subjugation is that, for the majority of the nineteenth century, it wasnt Oklahoma but Indian Territory, a legally defined but unorganized all-Indian territory within the United States. 16 The term United States of America has ceased to be an accurate description of the countries over which the Stars and Stripes float, the author of one argued. To speak only of formal acquisitions, explained Thomas McCormick, was just an intellectual game that the previous generation of historians had played to avoid confronting the centrality of American expansion to U.S. history. 7 Once one looked beyond colonies to the informal empire, the expansive force of the United States became apparent. The comparison is enlightening. diss., University of California, Berkeley, 2014). Texas. 28 And the annexations continued: Alaska (1867), the 189899 acquisitions (Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, American Samoa), the Panama Canal Zone (1903), the Virgin Islands (1917), and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (1947). In 1857, the United States began annexing guano islandsuninhabited islands possessing valuable fertilizer. Also available in digital form. In other words, if you looked up in late 1945 and saw the stars and stripes waving overhead, it was more likely that you lived in a colony or occupied country than that you lived on the mainland. Caveat: 1945, occurring between decennial census enumerations in the U.S. mainland and at the end of a destabilizing war everywhere else, was not the best year for accurate population counts. Though the overseas basing system shrank considerably in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, the United States held onto hundreds of bases. "Copyright by the National Publishing Company, Boston, Mass." John W. Griggs in The Insular Cases, Comprising the Records, Briefs, and Arguments of Counsel in the Insular Cases of the October Term, 1900, in the Supreme Court of the United States (Washington, DC, 1901), 363. under Adams-Ons Treaty, Purchase from Mexico following American-Mexican War; The New York Puerto Rican Day Parade last summer was also dedicated to Pedro Albizu Campos. The country claimed 94 such islands, nearly all in the Caribbean and Pacific, by 1903. James R. Blaker, United States Overseas Basing: An Anatomy of the Dilemma (New York, 1990), 33. Between 1857 and 1903, the United States acquired many new territorial possessions around the globe. As the 1898 generation saw, a full history of the Greater United States is not just the story of overseas territories, but also of western ones. The territorial acquisitions of the United States, 1787-1904, an Benedict Anderson called it the logo map. 13. 4. Boston, Small, Maynard & company, 1904. See, for example, James C. Fernald, The Imperial Republic (New York, 1899); Alpheus H. Snow, The Administration of Dependencies: A Study of the Evolution of the Federal Empire, with Special Reference to American Colonial Problems (New York, 1902); and Willis Fletcher Johnson, A Century of Expansion (New York, 1903). Territories with no indigenous populations, such as Wake Island, are listed as unpopulated, although the United States often stationed military outposts on them. But I do not think that is reason for U.S. historians to exclude the territories from their analyses and stick to the mainland. CLASS Discussion Board 5: The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez 46. ^ a b c d e f g h i j World Atlas. Greater United States: Territory and Empire in U.S. History 34. organized, unincorporated U.S. territory, Annexed 1922; later airline refueling; currently 43. 1848. In that decade, his followers bombed numerous federal buildings (including the governors mansion) and assassinated Puerto Ricos chief of police. As a result of the United States' multiple acquisitionsincluding Hawaii and the Philippinesduring the late 1800s, the period is referred to by some as the nation's age of U.S. _____. But those familiar borders only held for four years. The historical literature on bases is growing quickly, with an especially tight focus on the tense relationships between bases and their surrounding areas. stream And for the U.S. nationals who inhabited those colonies, it was a traumatic affair. You wont find him anywhere in the Oxford History of the United States , the New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations , or any of the major textbooksincluding those, like Howard Zinns Peoples History of the United States and James W. Loewens Lies My Teacher Told Me , explicitly designed to give voice to suppressed histories. 1856; under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Relief shown by hachures. National Wildlife Refuge, Joint occupation with Britain; That is because they dramatically expose the gap between the logo map conception of the United States and the larger conception for which I am arguing. The United States of America, as a name, was accurate for less than seven weeks. It has proved to be such an enduring category of analysis because of its capaciousness. 39 It abandoned base sites, in some cases as a response to anti-basing protests. Thus, in these cases of partial annexation, I use 1803 as the start date for LA, MN, ND, SD, MT, OK, and WY; 1845 as the start date for CO and NM; and 1848 as the start date for AZ. This was not a freak event. 27. 23 In the past decade, Diplomatic History has dramatically increased its publishing on the Philippines, with an article every two or three years. It wound up its occupations, sometimes much faster than it might have (in 1943, Roosevelt suggested that the occupation of Korea should last forty years; it lasted three). U.S. historians have displayed a tremendous interest in the subject of empire for a long time. SpanAmer War Webquestdoc (1).docx - Name: _ Period - coursehero.com The promotion of Hawaii and Alaska to statehood can be seen as part of the global decolonization movement. 22. In 1950, Albizu orchestrated a coordinated uprising throughout Puerto Rico, a rebellion so serious that the Puerto Rican National Guard used planes to suppress it, strafing the towns of Jajuya and Utuado from the sky. For guidance about compiling full citations consult Citing Primary Sources. William Appleman Williams, Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980). I am counting the time between when a territory was annexed to the United States to the time it was admitted to the Union as a state. 2007-228. 7. On the same day that the Japanese struck Hawaii, they also attacked the Philippines, Guam, Wake Island, Midway Island, and Howland Island, plus the British territories of Malaya and Hong Kong and the independent kingdom of Thailand. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. 31. <>>> A self-governing state cannot accept . The country's first and largest territorial acquisition was the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 for $10 million; it nearly doubled the landmass of the original 13 states. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. united states acquisitions and annexations 1857 1904 2 0 obj Like United Kingdom, it applies merely to the central and dominating body, the seat of empire; and Greater America comprises almost as wide a range of governments as Greater Britain itself. 17. 33, Furthermore, the Japanese-occupied parts of the United States became a Pacific bloodlands. https://www.loc.gov/item/04014391/. For a sustained engagement by a Wisconsin-School historian with formal imperialism, see Walter LaFeber, The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective , rev. One thinks of Teddy Roosevelt achieving national fame by charging up San Juan Heights in Cuba, William Howard Tafts terms as governor-general in the Philippines and then Secretary of War (with supervision over the colonies), Daniel Burnhams ambitious urban plans for Manila and Baguio, Margaret Meads fieldwork in American Samoa, and New Dealer Rexford Tugwells governorship of Puerto Rico. 39. o :E>vYs~;+&`]J(g(Ql)u Y!+wZ41Y@5 V5Q Z J&j8jkuJ?uFbccuc(d01 Ey?G78%@E^5p;MlCjRM1 a#j@#(#$5|IW:;&,-~P0m. ",#(7),01444'9=82. $.' 24. Despite the obvious relevance of territorial issues to the most important events of the nineteenth centuryit was the question of slavery in the territories that sparked the Civil Warwe nevertheless find it easy to conceive of territories as embryonic states, and thus to touch only lightly on their subjugated status. The extraordinary maps they made showed the United States as it had become, not a contiguous mass but rather an empire with global reach. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, rev. endobj Manua was annexed in 1904, then added to American Samoa. Insular Affairs of the Department of the Interior, Annexed in settlement with Britain and Germany; Imperialism in Puerto Rico (Berkeley, CA, 2002); Katherine T. McCaffrey, Military Power and Popular Protest: The U.S. Navy in Vieques, Puerto Rico (New Brunswick, NJ, 2002); Noenoe K. Silva, Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism (Durham, NC, 2004); Warwick Anderson, Colonial Pathologies: American Tropical Medicine, Race, and Hygiene in the Philippines (Durham, NC, 2006); Paul A. Kramer, The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States, and the Philippines (Chapel Hill, NC, 2006); Julian Go, American Empire and the Politics of Meaning Elite Political Cultures and the Philippines and Puerto Rico during U.S. Colonialism (Durham, NC, 2008); Julie Greene, The Canal Builders: Making Americas Empire at the Panama Canal (New York, 2009); Jana K. Lipman, Guantnamo: A Working-Class History between Empire and Revolution (Berkeley, CA, 2009); Alfred W. McCoy, Policing Americas Empire: The United States, the Philippines and the Rise of the Surveillance State (Madison, WI, 2009); Anne L. Foster, Projections of Power: The United States and Europe in Colonial Southeast Asia (Durham, NC, 2010); Lanny Thompson, Imperial Archipelago: Representation and Rule in the Insular Territories under U.S. Dominion after 1898 (Honolulu, HI, 2010); and Julian Go, Patterns of Empire: The British and American Empires, 1688 to the Present (Cambridge, 2011). The country had claimed scattered military bases before, but in 1945, the United States possessed some 30,000 military installations on 2,000 base sites. Boston, Small, Maynard & company, 1904. It would be hard to disagree with the Wisconsin-School assertion that U.S. global power rests on foundations other than territorial control. The total area of U.S. overseas bases is reported in Department of Defense, Base Structure ReportFiscal Year 2015 Baseline: A Summary of the Real Property Inventory, Washington, DC, 2015, 84. United States territorial acquisitions table, Last edited on 21 February 2023, at 08:11, Territorial evolution of the United States, Learn how and when to remove this template message, territorial acquisitions of the United States, "Milestones: 18011829 Office of the Historian", "Milestones: 18301860 Office of the Historian", "Milestones: 18661898 Office of the Historian", "Territorial Acquisitions of the United States", "Why the United States Controls Guantanamo Bay", http://www.waterislandhistory.com/militaryhistory.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_territorial_acquisitions_table&oldid=1140692169, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 08:11. But thats not it. sovereign, self-governing republic, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1986 became a It is generally held to be an illegal act. Bicknell, Edward. 38. The United States continued to hold colonies after World War II, hence the Puerto Rican Uprising of 1950 and House shooting of 1954. In cases where the territory of a future state was not all annexed at once, I count from the time year by which the majority of its land was annexed. The problem is not, I hasten to add, a lack of available information. The most thorough account of Hawaiian martial law is Harry N. Scheiber and Jane L. Scheiber, Bayonets in Paradise: A Half-Century Retrospect on Martial Law in Hawaii, 19411946, University of Hawaii Law Review 19 (1997): 477648. That is the same number that the American Historical Review has published. Shattuc, W. B. in 1999, Purchased from Denmark A detailed account, based on interviews with two of the shooters, is Manuel Roig-Franzia, A Terrorist in the House, Washington Post , February 22, 2004. John O'Sullivan (1813-1895), famously proclaimed that it was "our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence." 1; and Rebecca Tinio McKennas study of a colonial hill station in American Imperial Pastoral: The Architecture of U.S. Colonialism in the Philippines (Chicago, IL, forthcoming). There is another aspect of the Second World War that deserves mention. McCormick, interview with James G. Morgan, quoted in Morgans Into New Territory: American Historians and the Concept of US Imperialism (Madison, WI, 2014), 76. The reason has not just to do with our conception of empire. Consider that, in 1940, African Americans made up less than nine percent of the population. Annexation by the United States - Cuban Studies Institute Opening to China, A State of Neutrality: State Development and Early American Neutrality, U.S. Art Museums and Exhibition Diplomacy, Cultural Intermediaries and the Sounds of Freedom, About the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright 2023 Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations. Get Your Custom Essay on, United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904 United States positions (with date of acquiunion) 1047 Spheres of Influence 44, The United States has shifted away from the large land annexations of the nineteenth century to an empire consisting largely of islands and overseas bases: a pointillist empire. state.gov. Nationalism waxed, imperialism waned. Baker Island Howland Island . 33. Copyright: H.C. Robertson. 29,670. Law Club (Chicago, Ill.) - Smith, Howard Leslie. Kate Zernike, A Palin Joined Alaskan Third Party, Just Not Sarah Palin, New York Times , September 3, 2008. - Shattuc, W. B. Anthony Rawlings (New York, 1971); Benjamn Torres, Marisa Rosado and Jos Manuel Torres Santiago, eds., Imagen de Pedro Albizu Campos (San Juan, 1973); Rosado, Pedro Albizu Campos ; Laura Meneses de Albizu Campos, Albizu Campos y la Independencia de Puerto Rico (San Juan, 2007); and Nelson A. Denis, War against All Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in Americas Colony (New York, 2015). References [ edit] ^ "Milestones: 1801-1829 - Office of the Historian". APUSH- United sates Acquisitions and Annexations The Hart-Bolton map, published in 1917, was one of the last such maps to appear. In World War I, inspired by Wilsonian rhetoric of self-determination, Albizu served as a First Lieutenant in the U.S. Army. All rights reserved. Besides the above, see especially Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches, and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Berkeley, CA, 1990); Katharine H. S. Moon, Sex among Allies: Military Prostitution in U.S.Korea Relations (New York, 1997); McCaffrey, Military Power and Popular Protest ; Maria Hhn, GIs and Frauleins: The German-American Encounter in 1950s West Germany (Chapel Hill, NC, 2002); Ji-Yeon Yuh, Beyond the Shadow of Camptown: Korean Military Brides in America (New York, 2002); Petra Goedde, GIs and Germans: Culture, Gender, and Foreign Relations, 19451959 (New Haven, CT, 2003); Mark L. Gillem, America Town: Building the Outposts of Empire (Minneapolis, MN, 2007); Masumichi S. Inoue, Okinawa and the U.S. Military: Identity Making in the Age of Globalization (New York, 2007); Harvey Neptune, Caliban and the Yankees: Trinidad and the United States Occupation (Chapel Hill, NC, 2007); Steven High, Base Colonies in the Western Hemisphere, 19401967 (New York, 2009); Lipman, Guantnamo ; Lutz, ed., The Bases of Empire ; David Vine, Island of Shame: The Secret History of the U.S Military Base on Diego Garcia (Princeton, NJ, 2009); Maria Hhn and Seungsook Moon, eds., Over There: Living with the U.S. Military Empire from World War Two to the Present (Durham, NC, 2010); Amy Austin Holmes, Social Unrest and American Military Bases in Turkey and Germany since 1945 (Cambridge, 2014); Sasha Davis, The Empires Edge: Militarization, Resistance, and Transcending Hegemony in the Pacific (Athens, GA, 2015); and Vine, Base Nation . Islands. A helpful overview of the significance of the colonies for the mainland is Alfred W. McCoy, Francisco A. Scarano, and Courtney Johnson, On the Tropic of Cancer: Transitions and Transformations in the U.S. Imperial State, in McCoy and Scarano, Colonial Crucible , 333. Annexation of independent republic. Geographical crumbs is what Neil Smith called them in his book American Empire . I counted all non-review articles containing the words Philippine, Philippines, Filipino, or Filipinos in their titles. Why were so many new possessions located in the Pacific Ocean? This is a United States territorial acquisitions and conquests list, . 52, July 27, 1951, 3; Panama Canal Zone (46): Current Population Reports , Series P-25, No. Adding Texas and Vermont to the pool yields an average time-to-statehood of 42 years. Mariana Islands, United Nations Trust Territory; 1986 most islands adopt The matter of the date, December 7, 1941, emblazoned into national memory by Franklin Delano Roosevelts Day of Infamy speech, is somewhat misleading on this score. In the past fifty years, the Journal of American History has published one non-review article about the Philippines. But that assumption is becoming increasingly hard to hold. Acquisitions Incorporated was an adventuring company from the Sword Coast. ed. (William B.) See also Stacie L. Pettyjohn, U. S. Global Defense Posture, 17832001 (Santa Monica, CA, 2012). After Albizu went to prison, his supporters held a march in Ponce, Puerto Rico, and were gunned down by the police. The company operated by providing a network of support infrastructure for adventuring groups, which were referred to as franchises. of the Interior, Annexed 1922; later airline refueling; currently uninhabited; am looking for help for this assingment witch about ProForma Statement I need to create ProFor. It included an extended period of martial law in Hawaii. Congress approved the annexation of Texas on February 28, 1845. I prefer the term Greater United States, just so as to avoid confusion with Herbert E. Boltons influential notion of the Greater America, intended to encompass all of the Americas within a single analytical frame. 1 0 obj If you do factor them in, you start to notice some important features of the war, features often neglected in the telling of it. 32 And it included the internment of Alaska Natives from the Aleutian Islands by the U.S. government. analyze this Document (notes). United States Acquisitions and a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. 11 Nearly thirteen percent of its populace lived in its overseas colonies. I calculated 135,341,000 persons in the colonies and occupation zones and 132,481,000 in the continental United States. We levelled entire cities with our bombs and shell fire, explained the Philippine High Commissioner. DOCUMENT 3 "Article I: The Government of Cuba shall never enter into any treaty or other compact with any . 30. For too long, historians, like cartographers, have accepted the logic of the Insular Cases . Besides the histories of military bases listed above, exemplary studies of small spaces include Ron Robins examination of embassies and cemeteries in Enclaves of America: The Rhetoric of American Political Architecture Abroad, 19001965 (Princeton, NJ, 1992); John Lindsay-Polands portrait of San Jose Island in Emperors in the Jungle: The Hidden History of the U.S. in Panama (Durham, NC, 2003), ch. 1848. 21. Municipal annexation in the United States - Wikipedia If you have any questions please let me know.! It was when the Viet Minh attacked the French air base at Dien Bien Phu, which ultimately pulled the United States into the Vietnam War. 34 Manila, the sixth-largest city in the United States (substantially larger than Boston or Washington, D.C.), was decimated. 25 And the pattern continued: as older territories became states, new annexations brought new territories into the polity. <> Can we say the same about the overseas territories? Nevertheless, 8.85% is probably slightly high because, although it does not count black Filipinos and Guamanians (presumably very low numbers in 1940), it classes all non-white Puerto Ricans as black, whereas many were non-black. United States territorial acquisitions - Ballotpedia We destroyed roads, public buildings, and bridges. 9. 38, Yet from its territorial apex, the United States did something unprecedented. 46, The War on Terror has drawn our attention to how crucial small overseas sites can be to the projection of power. Value of merger and acquisition deals in the United States from 2006 to 3rd quarter 2022 (in billion U.S. dollars) Premium Statistic Number of M&A deals in the U.S. 2000-2021 The Territory of the United States, 1845-1886 A map from 1886 of the United States showing the territories ceded by Mexico and the acquisition of Alaska. Fish and Wildlife Service, Unincorporated territory annexed under Guano Act of We razed sugar mills and factories. In the end, he concluded, there was nothing left. 35, Although the count of U.S. mainland lives lost in the Second World War is precise to the last digit, counts of the lives of colonized subjects lost are at best informed guesses. We can see, better than we could before, how the territorial extensions of the United States matter today, and how they have mattered in the past. Perpetual Foreigners: Chinese Americans and the U.S. sovereign, self-governing republic. Title from title sheet. Dean Kohlhoff, When the Wind Was a River: Aleut Evacuation in World War II (Seattle, WA, 1995) and Jennifer Sepez, Christina Package, Patricia E. Malcolm, and Amanda Poole, Unalaska, Alaska: Memory and Denial in the Globalization of the Aleutian Landscape, Polar Geography 30 (2007): 193209. Available also through the Library of Congress Web site as a raster image. It is an extraordinary fact about the United States that its western territories became states, parts of the union on an equal footing with older states. PDF Chapter 10 Micronesia, United Nations Trust Territory; 1979 self-governing; 1986 Has the organization manage. The final map in the series showed the United States full territorial extent. Acquisition: An acquisition is a corporate action in which a company buys most, if not all, of another firm's ownership stakes to assume control of it. U.S. overseas territories listed by the 1940 census. 29 Its remarkable, in fact, how many key figures in U.S. history sojourned in the overseas territories.

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