It shows that the sample contains bacteria from the Terrabacteria group. Klebsiella pneumoniae Micrococcus luteus Micrococcus roseus Proteus mirabilis Proteus vulgaris Pseudomonas aeruginosa Salmonella typhimurium Serratia marcescens Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus epidermidis Streptococcus . The identified reads only made up a total of twenty seven percent of the total reads, but the majority of those reads were for M. luteus. Of those only Vancomycin was closer than 50 millimeters, being 38 millimeters. They grow in circular, entire, convex, and usually non-pigmented or cream white colonies with diameters of approximately 4 mm after 2-3 days on the plate at 37C. They usually can occur in the irregular clusters, tetrads, and in pairs, where the individual cells are about one to 1.8 mm in diameter and these are usually non-motile and non-spore-forming in nature. // The results of this analysis are shown in table 1. Most of the bacterium in the gram stains were gram negative, but a significant amount, about twenty percent, showed up as gram positive. The two unifying characteristics of these four families are their coccoid shape and the fact that they stain purple in the Grams method for visualizing bacteria microscopically. I used an API Strep test to determine more of the sugars the bacteria could ferment. These discrepancies could be due to human error, unpure culture, or an old agar plate. 1. Notice that beta-hemolysis results in a total lysis or clearing of the agar in the area of colony growth. Micrococcus Luteus is a gram positive, non-motile, non-sporing cocci belonging to micrococcea family. Micrococcus luteus This Gram positive coccus is found in tetrads, irregular clusters, and cubical packets of eight. Finally I used different antibiotic disks to check for its resistance to antibiotics, using Gentamicin, Cefoperazone, Vancomycin, Tobramycin, Amikacin, Trimethoprim, Oxacillin, and Cefazdin. All three types of hemolytic reactions are represented on this slide. They have a respiratory metabolism, often producing little or no acid from carbohydrates, and are usually halotolerant, growing in 5% NaCl. It is often larger thanStaphylococcus. The gram stain of this microbe showed that it is gram positive because it stained purple. It is mostly Actinobacteria, but some Proteobacteria and Firmicules are in the sample as well. Evaluation of Antibacterial Properties of Iranian Medicinal-Plants against Micrococcus Luteus, Serratia Marcescens, Klebsiella Pneumoniae and Bordetella Bronchoseptica.. For the detection of oxidase enzyme, filter paper circular disks impregnated with tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride in dimethyl sulfoxide are used. Micrococcus luteus biochemical test result. Whereas the M. variant has a G-C content of about 66-72mol%. For the second control, 100 L of water sample dilutions were plated on agar-agar. The microdase test, also known as modified oxidase test is a rapid test to differentiate Staphylococcus from Micrococcus which are Gram-positive cocci possessing catalase enzymes. Sarah D. Perkins., Government of Canada, Public Health Agency of Canada. The species Micrococcus luteus (Schroeter 1872) Cohn 1872 (Approved Lists 1980) emend. Micrococcus luteus was found gram-positive cocci, non-spore forming, non-haemolytic, non-motile aerobic or facultative anaerobes, arranged in pairs, irregular clusters and tetrads. Micrococcus has a substantial cell wall in which it may comprise as much as 50% of the cell mass. There are 3 biovars of this organismand they possess quite diverse chemotaxonomic features with respect to their menaquinone systems, cell-wall compositions, and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy patterns, as well as biochemical properties. download full PDF here, Some of the species of Micrococcus, such as M. luteus which is yellow in colour, and M. roseus which is red. Micrococcaceae. SUMMARY: 1250 Gram-positive and catalase-positive cocci were isolated from bacon, pig and human skin and dust, and their morphology, physiology and biochemical characters examined. There have been several deaths in immuno-compromised children that are caused by leukemia from the pulmonary hemorrhages because of Micrococcus. Some Micrococcus are pigmented bacteria; for example, M. luteus produces yellow colonies and M. roseus produces redish colonies. Micrococcus luteus | Taxonomy - PubChem Apologies, we are having some trouble retrieving data from our servers. The bacterium also colonizes the mouth, mucosae, oropharynx, and upper respiratory tract. The EMB agar showed no growth or change in color, also indicating the microbe was gram positive and a non-fermenter. It is Gram positive, Coagulase positive, catalase and oxidase positive non-motile bacteria. Micrococcus luteus. To sample, I used sterile cotton swabs and streaked them on TSA plates. They are generally strict aerobes and can generally reduce nitrate. Members of the Staphylcocci can be differentiated based on production of the enzyme coagulase. Microbiome 2(27). (negative). For the detection of oxidase enzyme, filter paper circular disks impregnated with tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride in dimethyl sulfoxide are used. The oxygen class of the microbe, obligate aerobe, matches up with the predictions I had made about it because the bacteria was originally sourced in a nostril. The Micrococcus strains isolated from various infections were most probably misclassified as staphylococci. They are indole negative, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, and citrate negative. Similar to the situation in the prosthetic valve endocarditis that is caused by more aggressive and highly resistant bacteria. If the infection leads to severe hemodynamic alterations, thus the valve replacement may become necessary. I then streaked the exposed swab onto a petri dish to allow the organisms to grow, incubating them at 25 degrees Celsius in a dark cabinet. 900 Seventh Street, NW Suite 400 Following incubation at 37oC, if the plasma forms a clot, the organism is coagulase positive. The optimum growth temperature is 25-37C. It is a gram positive, coccus shaped microbe, and contains catalase. Micrococcus luteus in tetrads arrangement. In contrast to staphylococci, usually, penicillin is sensitive. Production of bubbles indicates a positive reaction. About half of the Micrococcus luteus gram stain was found to carry plasmids of about one to 100MDa in size. When looking back after culturing the isolate, these hypothesies were supported by several of the tests, and served as a good tool to steer me towards what the isolate may be. Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 122(1):17-24. This lines up with M. luteus resistances from the tests. They are found in many other places in the environment, including dust, water, and soil. I also did a fluid thioglycolate test to determine the bacterias oxygen class. Most of these are mesophiles; some, like Micrococcus antarcticus which is found in Antarctica, are psychrophiles. Figure 1. PUGVIEW FETCH ERROR: 403 Forbidden National Center for Biotechnology Information 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20894 USA Contact Policies FOIA HHS Vulnerability Disclosure National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health "Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances Micrococcus spp", "Genome sequence of the Fleming strain of Micrococcus luteus, a simple free-living actinobacterium", "Role of GC-biased mutation pressure on synonymous codon choice in Micrococcus luteus, a bacterium with a high genomic GC-content", "Reclassification of ATCC 9341 from Microccus luteus to Kocuria rhizophila", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micrococcus_luteus&oldid=1132534318, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 9 January 2023, at 09:24. // The mammalian skin that has M. luteus strain is also highly sensitive to the beta-lactam antibiotics. M. luteus causes odours in humans when breaking down the components of sweat. It has been associated with causing a variety of illnesses including septic arthritis, meningitis, endocarditis, chronic cutaneous infections in HIV-positive patients, and catheter infections. The data on the GC content of the DNA, chemical cell wall analysis, and a comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA sequences. It shows that it is mostly Actinobacteria, with some firmicules ,and proteobacteria mixed in (Figure 2). [1] It is urease and catalase positive. Results of the biochemical tests demonstrated that the M. luteus and M. varians strains could be distinguished by their actions on glucose and nitrate reduction (Table I). This kit utilizes enzymatic reactions to release bacterial DNA from the cell. Examples of the colony morphology associated with each family is represented on this slide. In a temporal study by Kloos and Musselwhite (1975), it was found that micrococci usually constituted from 1 to 20% of the total aerobic bacteria isolated from the skin of the head, legs, and arms, but less than 1% of those isolated from the high bacterial density areas of the nares and axillae. The differentiation is based on the detection of the oxidase enzymes. Maximum production of pigments was observed at 35C, pH 9 and at 4% (W/V) NaCl concentration. 2019). The colonies are a pale, translucent yellow, and are shiny when looked at in the light. Bacillus megaterium fermented sugars but didn't grow in the anaerobic area of the butt. It has been isolated from human skin. For the micrococci, susceptibility to the antimicrobial agents, bacitracin and furazolidone, as well as the modified oxidase test can be performed to distinguish this group from the staphylococci. Staphylococcus spp. Book a free counselling session. Next, we see an image of a mixed bacterial culture which displays the white, creamy, non- hemolytic colonies of Staphylococcus epidermidis mixed with the golden, hemolytic colonies of Staphylococcus aureus. The categorization of bacteria in the clinical laboratory is based on the reactivity of the organism when stained by the Grams staining reagents. Micrococcus luteus is a constituent of the normal human buccal bacterial flora which forms yellowish colonies and appears as a gram-positive coccus typically arranged in tetrads. M. luteus is considered an opportunistic pathogen that can be responsible for some of the nosocomial infections. Micrococcus is a spherical bacterium found on dead or decaying organic matter while Staphylococcus is a gram-positive bacterial genus that produces a bunch of grape-like bacterial clusters. As the microbe is gram positive this means that it has a large peptidoglycan layer and lacks a lipopolysaccharide layer. Only the Micrococcus luteus species contained cytochrome c oxidase. Many of the tests did line up with M. luteus though, such as the fluid thyoglycate test, which showed that it was an obligate aerobe. When viewing the organism microscopically, the staining characteristics of the organism provide important information for identification. Many members of the genus have been reclassified into other genera. Ans: Although it is a harmless saprophyte, Micrococcus luteus can act as an opportunistic pathogen. If I were to continue researching this isolate, I would redo the API 20 E test strip with a fresh, active culture to ensure that it can reduce nitrate, and also the oxidase test to ensure that it does have cytochrome c oxidase present, which it should according to Public Health England. Although many of the members of these families have low pathogenicity and are classified as causes of opportunistic infections, those organisms most often cited as pathogens are listed on this slide. Micrococcus luteus biochemical test result. When looking at the antibiotic test results, the isolate is resistant to none of the applied antibiotics, and is only lightly to intermediately resistant to oxacillin. The microbiome of the nasal cavity can also change in response to environmental factors such as geographic location, and hygiene (Rawis et al. I also grew it in a MacConkey (MAC) plate to see if it could ferment lactose and if it could grow with both crystal violet and bile salts to further confirm if it was gram negative or positive. Some are based on monoclonal antibodies, and others on simple, rapid . Micrococcus species are more sensitive to the Bacitracin while the staphylococci are resistant. I grew my isolated in Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) for a week to prepare for DNA extraction. Simple biochemical tests like the one above have always been an important aid to identification of bacteria, because the different bacterial groups and species have characteristic metabolic activities. On top of that, most of the bacterium that were stained were gram negative, which conflicts with this result. I isolated the DNA by lysing the cell and using the Power Sol DNA Isolation Kit to isolate the DNA from the other parts of the cell. The pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus, is notably coagulase-positive while most other members of the family are coagulase-negative. Recently, as an opportunistic pathogen, this organism was recognized and it has been implicated in recurrent bacteremia, septic arthritis, septic shock, endocarditis, intracranial suppuration, meningitis, and cavitating pneumonia in immunosuppressed patients. It can be easily be mistaken for staphylococci, as they are very similar morphologically and physiologically (Wikipedia, Staphlyococcus Aureus). The Bacterial Genomic DNA Isolation Kit provides convenient and simple step-by-step method for isolating quality genomic DNA from gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial species. Once the culture was deemed pure enough, I inoculated a slant tube. Intermediates or end products of these varied metabolic activities can be detected by performing biochemical assays on a bacterial culture. Coagulase production is used as a virulence factor by the organism. This would be read as K/A. I hypothesized that it would be a bacteria commonly found in the nasal cavities and likely from the aforementioned phyla, so it would likely do best living in an aerobic, humid, and warm environment. After you have cultivated your organism on agar media, the next step is the microscopic examination. Micrococcus luteus are Gram-positive cocci mostly arranged in tetrads and larger than Staphylococcus. They are positive for catalase and oxidase ( modified). Further tests that I would do would be testing how much heat resistance it has, the density of a broth suspended sample using a dilution series, test for more antibiotic resistances, and how well it can grow in antibacterial mediums and mediums of different pH levels. Micrococcus lylaeare Gram-positive cocci mostly arranged in tetrads. Once a presumptive identification has been made based on colony and microscopic morphology and the catalase reaction, additional tests can be performed to establish the genus and species of the organism. appear as agents of infection causing endocarditis. The M. luteus genome encodes about four sigma factors and fourteen response regulators, a finding indicative of the adaptation to a rather strict ecological niche. It had 27,372 contigs in assembly. Principle of Microdase (Modified Oxidase) Test The microdase test, also known as modified oxidase test is a rapid test to differentiate Staphylococcus from Micrococcus which are Gram positive cocci possessing catalase enzyme. Catalase is an enzyme produced by the organism to neutralize the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide in the environment of the cell. Catalase test was the first biochemical test to be done . My goal in this experiment was to isolate, characterize and identify a bacterial colony that arose from a sample taken from my roommates nose. I then transferred the pure culture into a TSB slant to preserve it, keeping it at around 3 degrees Celsius in the lab refrigerator. 1 Nevertheless they have been documented to be causative organisms in cases of bacteremia, endocarditis, ventriculitis, peritonitis, pneumonia, endophthalmitis, keratolysis and septic arthritis. Basics of Differentiation of Gram Positive Cocci, The Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine, Challenges in Blood Group Alloantibody Detection, Clinical Applications of Complement Testing, Collecting Blood from Patients with Vascular Lines, Diagnosis of Syphilis Using the Reverse Algorithm, Liquid Chromatography LC Basics and Separation Techniques, Liquid Chromatography Separation Mechanisms, Optimal Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies, Pharmacogenetics for Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions, Sensitivity Specificity and Predictive Values in Diagnostic Testing, Transfusion Support in Hematopoietic Cell Transplant, Clinical Chemistry Guide to Scientific Writing, Commission on Accreditation in Clinical Chemistry. A positive test leads to the development of blue or purple-blue on the disc within two minutes. Other Micrococcus isolates produce various useful products, such as long-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons for lubricating oils. M. luteus played an important part in Flemings discovery of Lysozyme which is the bodys natural antibiotic. They can even survive in conditions that have very little of even no oxygen, using glycolysis and alternative electron acceptors to create ATP. Enterococcus faecalis. Staphylococci were distinguished by their ability to form acid from glucose anaerobically and sarcinas by the formation of cubical packets. In order to determine physiological characteristics of the culture such as cell shape, arrangement, and whether it was gram positive or negative, which helps determine the cell wall type of the microbe, I performed a gram stain. Methods: To start isolating the bacterium, I used a sterile swab wet with deionized water provided by the lab to pick up bacteria from the shower drain. Some of the species of Micrococcus, such as M. luteus which is yellow in colour, and M. roseus which is red. 91 988-660-2456 (Mon-Sun: 9am - 11pm IST), Want to read offline? So far there are two genome sequences that have been done. The confidence on that reading is decently confident, evidenced by the blue coloring. Micrococcus luteus are Gram-positive, to Gram-variable, motile -non motile, that are 0.5 to 3.5 micrometers in diameter and usually arranged in tetrads or irregular clusters. There are around nine species that are recognized in the genus. This would be read K/NC. About half of the Micrococcus luteus gram stain was found to carry plasmids of about one to 100MDa in size. . Because of their diversity, there are a variety of biochemical tests that are used by laboratories to identify the Gram-positive cocci. Depend on Gram stain Test and Biochemical Test find four species of cellulolytic bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas diminuta, Micrococcus luteus and Plesiomonas shigelloides. I am an associate professor in the Clinical Laboratory Science program at Wayne State University. Bharath. A very important test in the categorization of the staphylococci is the coagulase test. luteus is rarely found to be responsible for infections. Kaiju webserver metagenome binning analysis chart. Biochemical Tests in Microbiology answer sheet - Biochemical Tests in Microbiology Pre-Laboratory - Studocu Biochemical Tests in Microbiology lab answer sheet biochemical tests in microbiology questions why do some microbes specialize to use different food source than Skip to document Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home I grew my bacteria on an Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) plate to see if it could ferment lactose and if it could grow with methylene blue which selects for gram negative bacteria. // This microbe forms large, round colonies. The identification of three different biovars within the species M. luteus has the advantage that the three groups can be differentiated without nomenclatural changes having to be introduced. It has survived for at least 34,000 to 170,000 years, as assessed by 16S rRNA analysis, and possibly much longer. Micrococci can often carry plasmids that provide the organism with useful traits. From four species that have been identify, only Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas diminuta that show ability to block pathogen bacteria Edwardsiella tarda. They are normal inhabitants of the human body and may even be essential in keeping the balance among the various . I used an oxidase test strip and water to determine if cytochrome C oxidase was present, and performed a catalase test to determine if catalase was present. Micrococcus luteus is found in lots of places including skin, soil, dust, water, air, mouth, mucosae, oropharynx, and upper respiratory tract of humans (Wikipedia, Micrococcus luteus, 2019). Micrococcus luteus (left) Alcaligenes faecalis (middle) Reduction of nitrate to nitrite to be used as a final electron acceptor/Nitrate reductase. The antibiotic resistance test showed only minor resistance to the antibiotic Oxacillin, which is likely due to a chance inheritance in the population or complete chance because of the weak strength. Staphylococcus spp. An obligate aerobe, M. luteus is found in soil, dust, water and air, and as part of the normal microbiota of the mammalian skin. Oxidase (modified oxidase) test: Positive. A number of sophisticated tools are now available for clinical diagnosis. Download Scientific Diagram from www.researchgate.net. Bacteria Collection: Micrococcus luteus Additional Information. Though today the immuno-compromised patients take the risk of the infection that has grown.

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