The results suggested that chronic non-modulated, but not modulated, microwave radiation may cause anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain [77]. This classical method is often used to test learning and memory abilities after exposure to microwave radiation. Dasdag S, Balci K, Ayyildiz M, Celik M, Tekes S, Kaplan A. 2000;6:18793. increased with the growing in the number of devices that used the Microwave frequencies in. Shahin found that regardless of whether exposure was long-term or short-term, 2.45GHz microwaves increased oxidative/nitrosative stress, which potentially led to apoptosis in hippocampal subfield neurons and non-neuronal cells as a result of p53-dependent/independent activation. Brain Res. Microwave exposure impairs synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampus and pc12 cells through over-activation of the nmda receptor signaling pathway. Thus, these results suggest that the 2.4W/kg GSM 1800MHz microwaves may reduce excitatory synaptic activity and the number of excitatory synapses in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Jeong J. EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. GSM mobile phone radiation suppresses brain glucose metabolism. Hear I can show the different strength of microwave technologies. Effect of microwave radiation on learning and memory. It is noteworthy that most of the above mentioned studies were based on the theory that the effects caused by microwaves are non-thermal. The results indicated that repeated low-level exposure to extremely low frequency microwaves affects brain functioning and provide an additional approach to analyzing the underlying mechanisms. 2002;5:18995. Trends Cell Biol. Zhang et al. WJZ wrote the paper and outlined this manuscript, LFW and XJH provided a detailed guidance throughout the article. A radio frequency electric current enhances antibiotic efficacy against bacterial biofilms. In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that microwave radiation has potentially carcinogenic effects (2B). However, its beneficial effects should not be ignored [26]. CAS This study concerns the effects of microwave on health because they pervade diverse fields of our lives. 1994;8:714. Phot J. To investigate the effects of microwaves radiation on apoptotic activity, cell viability, and cell cycle progression, which can provide information about microwaves radiation effects on neural cells over the period from embryonic stages to infants. Wang L, Peng R, Hu X, Gao Y, Wang S, Zhao L, et al. Smythe JW, Costall B. Li Z, Peng RY, Wang SM, Wang LF, Gao YB, Ji D, et al. A metabolomic approach to screening urinary metabolites upon microwave exposure in monkeys. Research continues on possible biological effects of exposure to RF/MW radiation from radios, cellular phones, the processing and cooking of foods, heat . Schz J, Jacobsen R, Olsen JH, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Johansen C. Cellular telephone use and cancer risk: update of a nationwide Danish cohort. Identification of a novel rat nr2b subunit gene promoter region variant and its association with microwave-induced neuron impairment. PubMed Central At present, due to a general consensus that the most significant parameter for . Eastern J Med. Studies have extensively explored the underlying mechanisms by which microwaves influence learning and memory functions, especially synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. 2005;1042:1018. However, other reports have indicated that unlike ionizing radiation, the microwave radiation produced by mobile phones does not possess sufficient energy to directly damage DNA. Neuroreport. J Clin Oncol. Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study. Exp Neurobiol. The normal function of synaptic vesicles depends on the normal expression of related proteins. Myhrer T. Neurotransmitter systems involved in learning and memory in the rat: a meta-analysis based on studies of four behavioral tasks. Neuroreport. This damage plays a key role in the structural and functional changes that are accelerated by neuronal degeneration. It has been proposed that by enhancing the functions of acetylcholine, glucose can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in the synapse to reverse microwave-induced damage to learning and memory. A resting eyes-closed electroencephalogram was used to continuously record the results, which showed that there was an increase in the power of the , 1 and 2 frequency bands in the 0.303W/kg group and in the 2 frequency bands in the 0.003W/kg group. Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. Particularly, the dramatically increasing number of mobile phones users rise significant concerns due to its potential damage on people exposed by radiofrequency waves. Melatonin and serotonin levels were estimated, which play important roles in the nervous system. Additionally, people exposed to military microwave sources were more vulnerable to brain tumors. Google Scholar. The largest problem in these studies is that they used different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, power density and irradiation time, to apply microwave radiation, in addition to using a variety of research methods. After 28days, the levels of Glu and Tau in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid were lower, indicating that the cognitive damage induced by microwave radiation is associated with a decrease in Glu [66, 67]. 2003;11:346. 2014:125. 2004;115:1490505. Richter ED, Berman T, Levy O. Sci Total Environ. 2012;31:25074. Microwave Hazards | PDF | Microwave | Electromagnetic Radiation - Scribd : a biochemical study on mouse brain. In summary, there is evidence that microwave radiation can lead to alterations in protein synthesis or protein modifications; however, the results are controversial. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. Neuroscience. The levels of NMDA receptor subunits were increased 1 month after irradiation. Cookies policy. Cassel JC, Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter radial-maze performance in rats. Joubert et al. Synaptic vesicles form in different parts of neurons and contain high concentrations of substances that are transferred from the neuron. After exposure, the levels of 2 waves in the hypothalamus increased more than those in the cortex, leading to a significant reduction in the deviation of the two EGGs. Most bioassay and genotoxicity or mutation studies that have been performed in vitro have reported that exposure to microwave radiation at non-thermal levels does not have mutagenic/genotoxic/carcinogenic effects. Additionally, in the 2.4W/kg group, neuronal filopodial density and activity were lower on day 8, and there was a reduction of the dendritic spine maturity on day 14. Vecchio F, Babiloni C, Lizio R, Fallani FV, Blinowska K, Verrienti G, et al. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. Microwaves are widely used in households, industry, communications, and medical and military buildings, and they provide substantial contributions to the development of human society. A popular focus among researchers is the damage that microwave radiation causes in the central nervous system, in which it can impair learning and memory. Cell Biochem Biophys. Interaction of Radiation with Matter - GSU Cassel et al. Additionally, Larjabaara et al. [58] exposed volunteers to microwaves at a frequency of 450MHz for 10 repeated intervals of 1min of irradiation and 1min off. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH, Eriksson M. Case-control study on the use of mobile and cordless phones and the risk for malignant melanoma in the head and neck region. Electromagn Biol Med. 2014;53:22230. [27] found that college students visual reaction times were significantly shorter after 10min of phone-induced microwave radiation. Yale J Biol Med. Part of Lnn S, Ahlbom A, Hall P, Feychting M. Long-term mobile phone use and brain tumor risk. Finally, Hardell et al. Dasdag et al. Mosconi L, Tsui WH, Rusinek H, De Santi S, Li Y, Wang GJ, et al. The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. Electromagnetic radiation can be absorbed by organisms, in which it causes a series of physiological and functional changes. Radial arm maze performance of rats following repeated low level microwave radiation exposure. To investigate the effects of 2.4GHz Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration in rats, a cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition (CMOR) task was performed by four variations of the spontaneous object recognition (SOR) test including the standard SOR, tactile SOR, visual SOR, and CMOR tests. Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. The potential mechanisms underlying these damaging effects range from gene expression alterations in the respiratory chain, membrane damage, Ca2+ overloading, and DNA impairment [122,123,124,125,126,127,128]. Stahlhut Espinosa CE, Slack FJ. MicroRNAs and neurodegeneration: role and impact. 2016;25:31827. Perentos A, Cuesta-Soto F, Canciamilla A, Vidal B, Pierno L, Losilla NS, et al. Synapses are special structures that are involved in the transmission of electrochemical signals between neurons in the central nervous system. 2007;34:146779. 1994;15:95104. 2011;35:36978. 1988;9:33745. Vorobyov et al. Decreased synthesis of acetylcholine accompanying impaired oxidation of pyruvic acid in rat brain minces. These spines have been reported to share a close relationship with learning and memory abilities, and when protein synthesis in dendritic spines is blocked, new spine growth and the development of long spines are both decreased [91]. Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China, You can also search for this author in The direct cause of the observed neuronal damage may have been apoptosis induced by the microwave radiation, and an indirect cause may have been an increase in permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which would allow the traversal of toxic substances that could cause damage. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Biological Effects of Microwave Radiation - tandfonline.com Lu M, Zhu J, Qian C, Wang G, Nie J, Tong J. Of these, five rats were repeatedly exposed to extremely low-frequency microwaves (915MHz; pulse width, 20ms; average power density, 0.3mW/cm2; repetition frequency, 4.0Hz; intermittently for 1min, On for 1min, and Off for 10min; SAR, 0.7mW/g) and 5 were in the sham group. In 35% of cases, soldiers work in intermediate and hazardous zones and in 22%only in the intermediate zone. Zhao L, Peng RY, Gao YB, Wang SM, Wang LF, Dong J, et al. Google Scholar. Am J Epidemiol. 1993;13:41322. Using a ring resonator notch filter for optical carrier reduction and modulation depth enhancement in radio-over-fiber links. Clinics. Synapse. Acetylcholine modulation of neural systems involved in learning and memory.

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