[18][19] The purpose of the raid may have been to acquire booty in the wake of the Sasanian Persian army's retreat from Syria following its defeat by the Byzantine Empire in July. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [198] The Mamluk sultan Baybars (r.12601277) attempted to link his own military achievements with those of Khalid by having an inscription honoring himself carved on Khalid's mausoleum in Homs in 1266. Khalid was also among those who ran away in the battle of Hunayn. [81] Ayn al-Tamr capitulated and Khalid captured the town of Sandawda to the north. Why does Shia hate Khalid ibn al Waleed (R.A)? In 2013, the Syrian army destroyed Khalid ibn al Walid's grave during their bombardment and siege of the rebel city of Homs. [31], Most tribes in Arabia, except those inhabiting the environs of Mecca, Medina and Ta'if discontinued their allegiance to the nascent Muslim state after Muhammad's death or had never established formal relations with Medina. In this episode you will the complete truth behind Why Did Caliph Umar Dismissed Khalid Al-Walid as General? [180] In Islamic literary narratives, Umar expresses remorse over dismissing Khalid and the women of Medina mourn his death en masse. Khalid had them all executed over the objection of an Ansarite, who had been among the captors of the tribesmen and argued for the captives' inviolability due to their testaments as Muslims. [45] Abu Bakr consequently resolved to have him executed by Khalid. [17] Khalid is considered a war hero by Sunni Muslims, while many Shia Muslims view him as a war criminal for his execution of Malik ibn Nuwayra and immediate marriage of his widow, in contravention of the traditional Islamic bereavement period. 'Helpers'), the natives of Medina who hosted Muhammad after his emigration from Mecca, attempted to elect their own leader. [18][190], There is no further significant role played by members of Khalid's family in the historical record. During the Battle of Mu'ta, Khalid coordinated the safe withdrawal of Muslim troops against the Byzantines. [165] Khalid made Qinnasrin his headquarters, settling there with his wife. 60 seconds . [73], During the engagements in and around al-Hira, Khalid received key assistance from al-Muthanna ibn Haritha and his Shayban tribe, who had been raiding this frontier for a considerable period before Khalid's arrival, though it is not clear if al-Muthanna's earlier activities were linked to the nascent Muslim state. [172] Sayf's account notes that Umar sent notice to the Muslim garrisons in Syria and Iraq that Khalid was dismissed not as a result of improprieties but because the troops had become "captivated by illusions on account of him [Khalid]" and he feared they would disproportionately place their trust in him rather than God. [89] In Kennedy's assessment, Khalid was "a brilliant, ruthless military commander, but one with whom the more pious Muslims could never feel entirely comfortable". In both versions Muhammad declared himself innocent of Khalid's action but did not discharge or punish him. Routing the Byzantine armies, he surrounded Damascus, which surrendered on Sept. 4, 635, and pushed northward. [123] The most popular narrative is preserved by the Damascus-based Ibn Asakir (d. 1175), according to whom Khalid and his men breached the Bab Sharqi gate. [1] In that engagement Khalid led a nomadic contingent called muhajirat al-arab ('the Bedouin emigrants'). [168] According to al-Tabari, he was one of the witnesses of a letter of assurance by Umar to Patriarch Sophronius of Jerusalem guaranteeing the safety of the city's people and property. 'Sword of God'). [151] Among them were his independent decision-making and minimal coordination with the leadership in Medina; older allegations of moral misconduct, including his execution of Malik ibn Nuwayra and subsequent marriage to Malik's widow; accusations of generous distribution of booty to members of the tribal nobility to the detriment of eligible early Muslim converts; personal animosity between Khalid and Umar; and Umar's uneasiness over Khalid's heroic reputation among the Muslims, which he feared could develop into a personality cult. [167], Khalid may have participated in the siege of Jerusalem, which capitulated in 637 or 638. [55] Ikrima was repelled by Musaylima's forces and thereafter instructed by Abu Bakr to quell rebellions in Oman and Mahra (central southern Arabia) while Shurahbil was to remain in the Yamama in expectation of Khalid's large army. [140] He stationed an elite squadron of 200300 horsemen to support the center of his defensive line and left archers posted in the Muslims' camp near Dayr Ayyub, where they could be most effective against an incoming Byzantine force. [144], The Byzantine cavalry, meanwhile, had withdrawn north to the area between the Ruqqad and Allan tributaries. [105] Lynch holds that the story of the march, which "would have excited and entertained" Muslim audiences, was created out of "fragments of social memory" by inhabitants who attributed the conquests of their towns or areas to Khalid as a means "to earn a certain degree of prestige through association" with the "famous general". [70] The 9th-century histories of al-Baladhuri and Khalifa ibn Khayyat hold Khalid's first major battle in Iraq was his victory over the Sasanian garrison at Ubulla (the ancient Apologos, near modern Basra) and the nearby village of Khurayba, though al-Tabari (d. 923) considers attribution of the victory to Khalid as erroneous and that Ubulla was conquered later by Utba ibn Ghazwan al-Mazini. [86], The extent of Khalid's role in the conquest of Iraq is disputed by modern historians. [194] A female line of descent may have survived and was claimed by the 15th-century Sufi religious leader Siraj al-Din Muhammad ibn Ali al-Makhzumi of Homs. [39] Malik had been appointed by Muhammad as the collector of the sadaqa ('alms tax') over his clan of the Tamim, the Yarbu, but stopped forwarding this tax to Medina after Muhammad's death. Khalid's military fame disturbed some of the pious early Muslims, most notably Umar, who feared it could develop into a personality cult. [152], The modern historians De Goeje, William Muir and Andreas Stratos viewed Umar's enmity with Khalid as a contributing cause of Khalid's dismissal. Muhammad did not even make his right-hand war criminal pay the blood money. [185] Khalid was married to Asma, a daughter of Anas ibn Mudrik, a prominent chieftain and poet of the Khath'am tribe. [3] Khalid's paternal uncle Hisham was known as the 'lord of Mecca' and the date of his death was used by the Quraysh as the start of their calendar. [115] The Byzantines may not have reestablished an imperial garrison in the city in the aftermath of the Sasanian withdrawal in 628 and the Muslim armies encountered token resistance during their siege. [123][126] The Muslim armies met up in the city center where capitulation terms were agreed. [69] The details of the campaign's itinerary are inconsistent in the early Muslim sources, though Donner asserts that "the general course of Khalid's progress in the first part of his campaigning in Iraq can be quite clearly traced". Ungraded . [116] Afterward, Khalid and the commanders of the earlier Muslim armies, except for Amr, assembled at Bosra southeast of Damascus. [42] As a result of the victory at Buzakha, the Muslims gained control over most of Najd. [181] He is considered "one of the tactical geniuses of the early Islamic period" by Donner. If Islam is unjustly forced on a people in such a way it will make them hate Islam for centuries to come then yes, that is something any rational Muslim should oppose. [98][101], Excluding the above-mentioned operations in Dumat al-Jandal and the upper Euphrates valley, the traditional accounts agree on only two events of Khalid's route to Syria after the departure from al-Hira: the desert march between Quraqir and Suwa, and a subsequent raid against the Bahra tribe at or near Suwa and operations which resulted in the submission of Palmyra; otherwise, they diverge in tracing Khalid's itinerary. [123] Khalid and his men scaled the city's eastern walls and killed the guards and other defenders at Bab Sharqi. [187][188] Another son of Khalid, Muhajir, was a supporter of Ali, who reigned as caliph in 656661, and died fighting Mu'awiya's army at the Battle of Siffin in 657 during the First Muslim Civil War. The city surrendered without much bloodshed. It was because of Khalid defying Abu-Bakr's orders and marching into Iraq that the Persian-Roman stronghold in the East was weakened which resulted in the first expansion of the Islamic state outside of Arabia. [93] It is unclear which engagement occurred first, though both were Muslim efforts to bring the mostly nomadic Arab tribes of north Arabia and the Syrian steppe under Medina's control. [140] The Byzantines' initial assaults against the Muslims' right and left flanks successively failed, but they kept up the momentum until the entire Muslim line fell back or, as contemporary Christian sources maintain, feigned retreat. [7] He led one of the two main pushes into the city and in the subsequent fighting with the Quraysh, three of his men were killed while twelve Qurayshites were slain, according to Ibn Ishaq, the 8th-century biographer of Muhammad. What was the main cause of the Battle of Uhud? [27] In June 631 Khalid was sent by Muhammad at the head of 480 men to invite the mixed Christian and polytheistic Balharith tribe of Najran to embrace Islam. [29] Khalid was a staunch supporter of Abu Bakr's succession. [7], The Makhzum were strongly opposed to Muhammad, and the clan's preeminent leader Amr ibn Hisham (Abu Jahl), Khalid's first cousin, organized the boycott of Muhammad's clan, the Banu Hashim of Quraysh, in c. 'Emigrants'), the mostly Qurayshite natives of Mecca who emigrated with Muhammad to Medina. Views of the wars by modern historians vary considerably. How many wars Khalid bin Waleed fought? [153] Medina's lack of a regular standing army, the need to redeploy fighters to other fronts, and the Byzantine threat to Muslim gains in Syria all required the establishment of a defense structure based on the older-established Arab tribes in Syria, which had served as confederates of Byzantium. [70] The last two places were in the vicinity of al-Hira, a predominantly Arab market town and the Sasanian administrative center for the middle Euphrates valley. [179][199], Since at least the 12th century, Khalid's tomb has been purported to be located in the present-day, The purported tomb of Khalid within the Khalid ibn al-Walid Mosque, Conversion to Islam and service under Muhammad, Elimination of Musaylima and conquest of the Yamama, The time and place that Khalid gained the epithet, Abu Bakr had previously dispatched the bulk of the Muslim army, under, Most of the Muslim accounts are traced to the prominent 8th-century jurist of, The Muslim forces entered similar agreements with nearly all the cities they besieged in Syria, including, Following his conversion to Islam, Khalid was granted a plot of land by the Islamic prophet, Siraj al-Din Muhammad ibn Ali al-Makhzumi, 7th century in Lebanon aba who have visited Lebanon, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, "The Struggle against Musaylima and the Conquest of Yamama", "Seeing the Light: Enacting the Divine at Three Medieval Syrian Shrines", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khalid_ibn_al-Walid&oldid=1136564853, Supreme commander of Muslim armies in Syria (634636), Field commander in northern Syria (636638), This page was last edited on 30 January 2023, at 23:53. How did Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed died? [126][131] The treaty probably served as the model for the capitulation agreements made throughout Syria, as well Iraq and Egypt, during the early Muslim conquests. I have not dismissed Khalid because he was dishonest. [148] De Goeje dismisses Khalid's extravagant grants to the tribal nobility, a common practice among the early Muslim leaders including Muhammad, as a cause for his sacking. [82] In Kennedy's view, Khalid's push toward the desert frontier of Iraq was "a natural continuation of his work" subduing the tribes of northeastern Arabia and in line with Medina's policy to bring all nomadic Arab tribes under its authority. [101] In this route the only span where a desert march could have occurred is between Jabal al-Bishri and Palmyra, though the area between the two places is considerably less than a six-day march and contains a number of water sources. [145], Jandora credits the Muslim victory at Yarmouk to the cohesion and "superior leadership" of the Muslim army, particularly the "ingenuity" of Khalid, in comparison to the widespread discord in the Byzantine army's ranks and the conventional tactics of Theodorus, which Khalid "correctly anticipated". [109] By the time Khalid had left Iraq, the Muslim armies in Syria had already fought a number of skirmishes with local Byzantine garrisons and dominated the southern Syrian countryside, but did not control any urban centers. [178][179] Purported hadiths related about Khalid include Muhammad's urgings to Muslims not to harm Khalid and prophecies that Khalid would be dealt injustices despite his tremendous contributions to Islam. [158] Per the surrender terms, taxes were imposed on the inhabitants in return for guarantees of protection for their property, churches, water mills and the city walls. Khalid accepted and ordered the drafting of a capitulation agreement. Khalid bin Waleed R.A. is buried along with his son in the Mosque of Homs in Syria. [106] The commanders of the Muslim armies were Amr ibn al-As, Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, Shurahbil ibn Hasana and Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah,[107] though the last may have not deployed to Syria until after Umar's succession to the caliphate in the summer of 634, following Abu Bakr's death. Although he fought against Muhammad at Uud (625), Khlid was later converted (627/629) and joined Muhammad in the conquest of Mecca in 629; thereafter he commanded a number of conquests and missions in the Arabian Peninsula. Report an issue . [60] This assessment, along with the exhaustion of his own troops, compelled Khalid to accept Mujja'a's counsel for a ceasefire with the Hanifa, despite Abu Bakr's directives to pursue retreating Hanifites and execute Hanifite prisoners of war. [180], Khalid is credited by the early sources for being the most effective commander of the conquests, including after his dismissal from the supreme command. [170] Umar consequently ordered that Abu Ubayda publicly interrogate and relieve Khalid from his post regardless of the interrogation's outcome, as well as to put Qinnasrin under Abu Ubayda's direct administration. [123] Each of the five Muslim commanders were charged with blocking one of the city gates; Khalid was stationed at Bab Sharqi (the East Gate). [68], The focus of Khalid's offensive was the western banks of the Euphrates river and the nomadic Arabs who dwelt there. [3] Contents 1 Early life 2 Muhammad's era (610-632) 2.1 Conversion to Islam 2.2 Military Campaigns during Muhammad's (SAAW) era [98], In the first PalmyraDamascus itinerary, Khalid marches upwards along the Euphratespassing through places he had previously reducedto Jabal al-Bishri and from there successively moves southwestwards through Palmyra, al-Qaryatayn and Huwwarin before reaching the Damascus area. [60], Khalid's terms with the Hanifa entailed the tribe's conversion to Islam and the surrender of their arms and armor and stockpiles of gold and silver. [9] He advanced through the Wadi Qanat valley west of Uhud until being checked by Muslim archers south of the valley at Mount Ruma. [58] Khalid heeded the counsel of the Ansarite Thabit ibn Qays to exclude the Bedouins from the next fight. The infantry was subsequently routed. [77] After Khalid departed, he left al-Muthanna in practical control of al-Hira and its vicinity. [198] The 12th-century traveler Ibn Jubayr noted that the tomb contained the graves of Khalid and his son Abd al-Rahman. [37][b] Khalid was Abu Bakr's third nominee to lead the campaign after his first two choices, Zayd ibn al-Khattab and Abu Hudhayfa ibn Utba, refused the assignment. Khalid subsequently moved against the largely Christian Arab tribes and the Sasanian Persian garrisons of the Euphrates valley in Iraq. [40], Khalid's initial focus was the suppression of Tulayha's following. [197], Starting in the Ayyubid period in Syria (11821260), Homs has obtained fame as the location of the purported tomb and mosque of Khalid. [186] Their son Abd al-Rahman became a reputable commander in the ArabByzantine wars and a close aide of Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, the governor of Syria and later founder and first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, serving as the latter's deputy governor of the HomsQinnasrinJazira district. The Sharia of Imam Ali was focused on Justice. [78] He received similar assistance from the Sadus clan of the Dhuhl tribe under Qutba ibn Qatada and the Ijl tribe under al-Madh'ur ibn Adi during the engagements at Ubulla and Walaja. [44], After Buzakha, Khalid proceeded against the rebel Tamimite chieftain Malik ibn Nuwayra headquartered in al-Butah, in the present-day Qassim region. [58] Khalid's first three assaults against Musaylima at the plain of Aqraba were beaten back. He was undefeated in 41 battles (100 if minor engagements are considered) against professional Persian and Roman armies. According to Lecker, Mujja'a's ruse may have been invented by the Islamic tradition "in order to protect Khalid's policy because the negotiated treaty caused the Muslims great losses". [74] In the meantime, the other part of Khalid's army harried the villages in al-Hira's orbit, many of which were captured or capitulated on tributary terms with the Muslims. [40], According to Fred Donner, the subjugation of Arab tribes may have been Khalid's primary goal in Iraq and clashes with Persian troops were the inevitable, if incidental, result of the tribes' alignment with the Sasanian Empire. [88] Crone views the traditional reports as part of a general theme in the largely Iraq-based, Abbasid-era (post-750) sources to diminish the early Muslims' focus on Syria in favor of Iraq. Why khalid bin walid was dismissed? [174] In the account of Ibn Asakir, Umar declared at a council of the Muslim army at Jabiya in 638 that Khalid was dismissed for lavishing war spoils on war heroes, tribal nobles and poets instead of reserving the sums for needy Muslims. [196] The Sur tribe under Sher Shah, a 16th-century ruler of India, also claimed descent from Khalid. [126] On the other hand, al-Baladhuri holds that Khalid entered peacefully from Bab Sharqi while Abu Ubayda entered from the west by force. Khalid's father was al-Walid ibn al-Mughira, an arbitrator of local disputes in Mecca in the Hejaz (western Arabia). [20] The Muslim detachment was routed by a Byzantine force consisting mostly of Arab tribesmen led by the Byzantine commander Theodore and several high-ranking Muslim commanders were slain. [10] Shaban credits Khalid's "military genius" for the Quraysh's victory at Uhud, the only engagement in which the tribe defeated Muhammad. A breach of Muhammad's orders by the Muslim archers, who left their assigned posts to despoil the Meccan camp, allowed a surprise attack from the Meccan cavalry, led by Meccan war veteran Khalid ibn al-Walid, which brought chaos to the Muslim ranks. [92], The chronological sequence of events after Khalid's operations in Ayn al-Tamr is inconsistent and confused. [91] He left small Muslim garrisons in the conquered cities of Iraq under the overall military command of al-Muthanna ibn Haritha. [72] The Arab nobility of al-Hira surrendered in an agreement with Khalid whereby the city paid a tribute in return for assurances that al-Hira's churches and palaces would not be disturbed. [154] These tribes likely considered the large numbers of outside Arab tribesmen in Khalid's army as a threat to their political and economic power. In that confrontation, the Muslims, boosted by the influx of Qurayshite converts, defeated the Thaqifthe Ta'if-based traditional rivals of the Qurayshand their nomadic Hawazin allies. [12], In the year 6 AH (c.627) or 8 AH (c.629) Khalid embraced Islam in Muhammad's presence alongside the Qurayshite Amr ibn al-As;[14] the modern historian Michael Lecker comments that the accounts holding that Khalid and Amr converted in 8 AH are "perhaps more trustworthy". These engagements collectively precipitated the retreat of imperial Byzantine troops from Syria under Emperor Heraclius. [151], Athamina doubts all the aforementioned reasons, arguing the cause "must have been vital" at a time when large parts of Syria remained under Byzantine control and Heraclius had not abandoned the province. Khalid ibn AI-Waleed [ranhu] "The Sword of Allah" (d. 21 A.H.) It is reported that Prophet Muhammad [saw] said, 'The better ones of you in the Days of Ignorance are the better ones of you in Islam when they understand ( the religion ).". He vented these reservations when he suggested to Abu Bakr that Khalid should be dismissed after the death of Maalik Ibn Nuwairah. [72] The Namir were led by Hilal ibn Aqqa, a Christian chieftain allied with the Sasanians, who Khalid had crucified after defeating him. [96] The segment of the general march called the 'desert march' by the sources occurred at an unclear stage after the al-Hira departure. [18] His male line of descent ended toward the collapse of the Umayyad Caliphate in 750 or shortly after when all forty of his male descendants died in a plague in Syria, according to the 11th-century historian Ibn Hazm. [20][21] Khalid took command of the army following the deaths of the appointed commanders and, with considerable difficulty, oversaw a safe withdrawal of the Muslims. [6] Through his maternal relations Khalid became highly familiarized with the Bedouin (nomadic Arab) lifestyle. [31] A report preserved in a work by the 13th-century scholar Ibn Abi'l-Hadid claims that Khalid was a partisan of Abu Bakr, opposed Ali's candidacy, and declared that Abu Bakr was "not a man about whom one needs [to] enquire, and his character needs not be sounded out". [147], Khalid was retained as supreme commander of the Muslim forces in Syria between six months and two years from the start of Umar's caliphate, depending on the source.

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