), Biology of sharks and their relatives II (pp. All studies indicate a slow growth rate. An egg of the whale shark found in the Gulf of Mexico measured 30 cm (12 inches) long by about 14 cm (5.5 inches) wide and was 8 cm (3 inches) thick. A digestive system consists of an esophagus extending from the pharynx to the stomach and a gut from the stomach to the anus. Brown, B. R. (2003). https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14068. Hammerhead sharks are one such migratory shark. 2017 for more information), the extant chondrichthyans are divided into two groups, the Elasmobranchii (sharks, rays, and their kin) and the Holocephali (chimaeras and their kin), and can be recognized by the presence of some apomorphic characteristics, such as prismatic calcification of the cartilaginous endoskeleton, the presence of placoid scales, and pelvic fin modified in claspers in males. Study fish brain anatomy. The hindbrain connects to the spinal cord via the myelencephalon, which functions in osmoregulation - water balance - and respiration. Grogan E, Lund R (2009) Two new iniopterygians (Chondrichthyes) from the Mississippian (Serpukhovian) Bear Gulch Limestone of Montana with evidence of a new form of chondrichthyan neurocranium. Osteichthyes have specialized taste buds, located either in their mouth or along whisker-like barbels. The telencephalon in some fishes is enlarged, giving them an exceptional sense of smell. Behavior and physiology of mechanoreception: Separating signal and noise. 1254). All species of sharks, rays, and chimaeras produce large yolk-rich eggs. Classification of Pisces. The few published descriptions of mating sharks and rays are probably characteristic of the entire group. Caputi, . 2, pp. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10661. There is no parental care after birth; however, some chondrichthyans do guard their eggs. The nervous system is controlled by electrical impulses. Morphology of the mechanosensory lateral line system in elasmobranch fishes: Ecological and behavioral considerations. Not all sharks are swimming noses: Variation in olfactory bulb size in cartilaginous fishes. Die Parietalorgane. Cartilaginous fish have the following characteristics: Among the Chondrichthyes are powerful jaws that are found in marine fish. 31 chapters | This aids in finding prey, navigation, and sensing temperature. Meredith, T. L., Kajiura, S. M., & Hansen, A. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1951.sp004638. 2. Montgomery, J. C., Windsor, S., & Bassett, D. (2009). A distinct heart, anteroventral to the liver, is enclosed in a pericardial sac. Schluessel, V., Bennett, M. B., Bleckmann, H., Blomberg, S., & Collin, S. P. (2008). A review of the sensory biology of chimaeroid fishes (Chondrichthyes; Holocephali). The modern bony fishes, class Osteichthyes, appeared in the late Silurian or early Devonian, about 416 million years ago. Maisey, J. G., Miller, R., Pradel, A., Denton, J. S., Bronson, A., & Janvier, P. (2017). Pisces (with fins) and Tetrapoda (with bare limbs). With the exception of some who are able to breathe . The first Cartilaginous fishes evolved from Doliodus-like spiny shark ancestors. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-014-0705-0. Web species of the class chondrichthyes (sharks, rays,. https://doi.org/10.1206/3875.1. Growth is also measured by the statistical analysis of the length in systematically collected samples, by the space between concentric circles on the centra of the vertebrae, and by periodic measurements of specimens kept in aquariums. It includes sharks and rays, skates, and sawfishes. In some genera of rays, vascular filaments producing these secretions extend through the spiracles and into the digestive tract of the embryos. It is possible for them to be oviparous, viviparous, or ovoviviparous. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004410000328. Hart, N. S. (2020). (2021). Maruska, K. P. (2001). Chondrichthyes' sensory systems are part of the nervous system responsible for receiving external and internal stimuli and translating them into nerve impulses that are transmitted to the central nervous system where they are processed. The somatotopic organization of the olfactory bulb in elasmobranchs. In O. M. Johari (Ed. 393434). All chondrichthyans breathe through five to seven pairs of gills, depending on the species. Despite the vertebral column protecting their brains and spinal cords, chimpanzees have developed. ), 114(4), 471489. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. (2009). Each gill has between five and seven blades. 2, pp. Having skeletons predominantly composed of cartilage is characteristic of cartilaginous fish, while having skeletons mostly composed of bone is characteristic of bony fish. In fishes with excellent senses of smell, the telencephalon is enlarged. Chondrichthyes sensory systems are part of the nervous system responsible for receiving external and internal stimuli and translating them into nerve impulses that are transmitted to the central nervous system where they are processed. In most species, all dermal denticles are oriented in one direction, making the skin feel very smooth if rubbed in one direction and very rough if rubbed in the other. https://doi.org/10.1038/421495a. Eye growth in sharks: Ecological implications for changes in retinal topography and visual resolution. Chondrichthyes' sensory systems are part of the nervous system responsible for receiving external and internal stimuli and translating them into nerve impulses that are transmitted to the central nervous system where they are processed. Cell and Tissue Research, 303(3), 391401. Olfactory morphology and physiology of elasmobranchs. Google Scholar. Osteichthyes fish in the gymnotid group, which includes knife fish and electric eels, can produce a shocking electric current using specialized nerve endings. Apart from electric rays, which have a thick and flabby body, with soft, loose skin, chondrichthyans have tough skin covered with dermal teeth (again, Holocephali is an exception, as the teeth are lost in adults, only kept on the clasping organ seen on the caudal ventral surface of the male), also called placoid scales (or dermal denticles), making it feel like sandpaper. In the next five years it grows about 60 mm (about 2.4 inches) more toward its maximum recorded width of 25 cm (10 inches) in males or 31 cm (12.25 inches) in females. Most of them live in the ocean. Journal of Morphology, 250(3), 236264. Vedantu LIVE Online Master Classes is an incredibly personalized tutoring platform for you, while you are staying at your home. Mandado, M., Molist, P., Anadon, R., & Yanez, J. The O diffuses into the gills as water passes over them on their way out of the organism's body. Nervous System Paired external nostrils that lead directly to the brain Very acute sense of smell, can detect concentrations as low as one part per billion Head morphology and pore distribution of carcharhinid and sphyrnid sharks. Males of most species probably use only one clasper at a time. Ampullae of Lorenzini are a network of small jelly filled pores called electroreceptors which help the fish sense electric fields in water. Question: What benefits would having a jaw confer to an organism? All animals have a nervous system, though the overall structure may vary between species. Newton, K. C., Gill, A. The pineal organ of Raja clavata: Opsin immunoreactivity and ultrastructure. A., Casper, B. M., Mann, D. A., & Demski, L. S. (2012). The water reaches the mouth primarily through grooves leading there from the nostrils. 14 Questions About Aquatic Animals Answered. Sensing temperature without ion channels. Kempster, R. M., McCarthy, I. D., & Collin, S. P. (2012). 325368). The skeleton is cartilaginous. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. ), Lehrbuch der vergleichenden mikroskopischen Anatomie der Wirbeltiere (pp. Subjects: Anatomy Araripe Plateau Brazil Cear (State) Chondrichthyes Cretaceous Egertonodus basanus Fishes, Fossil Neuroanatomy Paleontology Phylogeny Sharks Sharks, Fossil Skull . Bony fishes have heavily ossified skeletons with true bone and include species such as carp, eels, and lionfish. Sensory adaptations to the environment: Electroreceptors as a case study. However, preliminary studies believe the parasite can act as a lure for prey giving the shark a a benefit as well. We've learned that they have a branching system of peripheral nerves that help them sense their environment, as well as motor nerves that help them move. The central nervous system of osteichthyes is comprised of a brain and a spinal cord, just like our own central nervous system.Most fish brains are very small compared to overall body size, about 1/15th the mass of a similarly-sized mammal or bird.Other bony fish, such as the freshwater elephant fish (Family Mormyridae), have exceptionally large Feeding/Digestion They digest the blood taken from other fish (host) directly in the intestines. Visual Neuroscience, 26(4), 397. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952523809990150. There are a number of vertebrates with jaws in the Gnathostomata division. The lateral line appears as a line that runs down the length of the body. However, Chondrichthyans also have special sensing organs called the Ampullae of Lorenzini giving them a seventh sense., Figure 4: Close up of a shark rostum notice the series of dots scatter throughout. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-010-9162-x. Has a high concentration of a toxin trimethylamine N-oxide which causes the meat to be toxic if not treated. (Note: It is rated PG but there are some graphic scenes involving shark finning), Sharkwater (2006)[Vimeo] Running time 1 hour 30 minutes. Brown, B. R. (2003). Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Chondrichthyes digestive system: The stomach, pharynx, mouth, intestines, and cloaca make up the digestive system. Morphometric and ultrastructural comparison of the olfactory system in elasmobranchs: The significance of structurefunction relationships based on phylogeny and ecology. (1990). Unit 2-3: Mechanisms of Evolution and Natural Selection, Unit 3a-1: Genetic Modification and Gene Transfer, Unit 5-3: Phylum Platyhelminthes Webquest Notes, Unit 5-4: Phylum Nematoda Webquest Notes. The characteristics of cartilaginous fish are as follows: The endoskeleton is made up of cartilage. Dogfish, Whale shark, Angel shark, Ground Shark, etc. Denticles usually provide protection, and in most cases, streamlining. Examples of Chondrichthyes include sharks, skates, and chimeras. Kajiura, S. M., Cornett, A. D., & Yopak, K. E. (2010). Web the chondrichthyes are the cartilaginous fishes, such as sharks and rays, while the osteichthyes are the bony fishes. They are jawed vertebrates, with skeletons made of cartilage instead of bone. Nerves are found throughout the body of fishes. Five to seven pairs of gills are present excluding the operculum. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 20(4), 571590. Chondrichthyes are jawed vertebrates with paired fins, paired nares, scales, and a heart with its chambers in series. This means that fish are capable of feeling stimuli related to pain. B., & Kajiura, S. M. (2019). This orients them and helps with migration. Journal of Experimental Biology, 213(20), 34493456. The record is extensive, but most fossils are teeth, and the body forms of numerous species are not known, or at best poorly understood. Carrier, J. Musick, & M. Heithaus (Eds. Smaller in size compared to Chondrichthyes. Lateral Line System. What are the Economic Benefits of Chondrichthyes? Correspondence to | 1 The first pup to be able eats all of the other pups. Outline the development of jaws in vertebrates. The notochord is gradually replaced by a vertebral column during development, except in Holocephali, where the notochord stays intact. The Central Nervous System of Hagfishes Mark Ronan & R. Glenn Northcutt Chapter 464 Accesses 4 Citations Summary A brain and spinal cord constitute the central nervous system of hagfishes, the extant sister group of lampreys and gnathostomes among the craniates. Google Scholar. Veronica Slobodian . The eggs of chimaeras are elliptic, spindle-shaped, or tadpole-shaped and open to the exterior through pores and slits that permit entrance of water during incubation. The parts of the brain and their associated location are summarized in the following table: The spinal cord runs down the spine of the fish and acts as a highway for important electric impulses. Kardong, K. (2016). 2017 for more information), the extant chondrichthyans are divided into two groups, the Elasmobranchii (sharks, rays, and their kin) and the Holocephali (chimaeras and their kin), and can be recognized by the presence of some apomorphic characteristics, such as prismatic calcification of the cartilaginous endoskeleton, the presence of placoid scales, and pelvic fin modified in claspers in males. ), Biology of sharks and their relatives (pp. Ampullae of Lorenzini are electroreceptors which detect electrical fields given off by muscle contractions. (1983). Chondrichthyes is a class that contains sharks, skates, rays and chimeras. The class Chondrichthyes is divided into two subclasses: the Elasmobranchii (sharks, skates, and rays) and the Holocephali (elephant sharks and chimaeras). Lisney, T. J., & Collin, S. P. (2007). Department of Psychology, Oakland University Department of Psychology, Rochester, MI, USA, Missouri Southern State University, Joplin, MO, USA, Slobodian, V., Citeli, N., Cesar, S.E., Soares, K.D.A. Active electroreception in Gymnotus omari: Imaging, object discrimination, and early processing of actively generated signals. A., Casper, B. M., Mann, D. A., & Demski, L. S. (2012). It is responsible for detecting signals and sending responses. They collect water in the mouths which is then passed through the gills. It includes Chimaeras, also known as ghost sharks. Sensory biology of elasmobranchs. In J. C. Carrier, J. Chondrichthyes sensory systems are part of the nervous system responsible for receiving external and internal stimuli and translating them into nerve impulses that are transmitted to the central nervous system where they are processed. Compagno, L. J. ), Scanning electron microscopy (Vol. ), Biology of sharks and their relatives II (pp. Some fishes have specialized nervous systems that stimulate organs capable of generating electric fields. Humans depend on fishes for nutrition and micronutrients, which play a very important role in their diet as they control most diseases. Lisney, T. J. In J. C. Carrier, J. Their nervous system adaptations range from the wild and electric, to the generalized lateral line system that helps their entire body function like an ear. The digestive system is well-developed. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-014-0705-0. Brain Structure and Function, 220, 11271143. (More energy into offspring = less offspring produced that have higher survival rate). Sensory biology of elasmobranchs. Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_1018-1, Springer Reference Behavioral Science and Psychology, Reference Module Humanities and Social Sciences, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphysparis.2008.10.005, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.03.012, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03214.x, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-010-9162-x, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952523809990150, https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1951.sp004638, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-4877.2008.00130.x, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-014-0705-0. Theme by Anders Norn. This also helps the animals to prey on one another. Brain, Behavior and Evolution, 69(4), 266279. Behavior and physiology of mechanoreception: Separating signal and noise. Development is usually live birth (ovoviviparous species) but can be through eggs (oviparous). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00751027. Electroreception in marine fishes: Chondrichthyans. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.03.012. 3. The Chondrichthyes are the basalmost extant branch of Gnathostomata and comprehend a monophyletic group of fishes with fossils and extant representatives distributed in 65 families with 1282 valid species. Test of the mechanotactile hypothesis: Neuromast morphology and response dynamics of mechanosensory lateral line primary afferents in the stingray. Chondrichthyes Sensory Systems. A fish's brain is broken up into the telencephalon (which contains the cerebrum and olfactory lobes), diencephalon (which contains structures such as the pineal body, pituitary gland, thalamus, hypothalamus, and saccus vasculosus), mesencephalon (which contains the various white and gray zones), and hind brain (composed of the cerebellum and brain stem). Environmental Biology of Fishes, 28(14), 3375. A., & Demski, L. S. (2004). The ampullae of Lorenzini (Figures 3.15 and 3.37) are modified parts of the lateral line system (see later) and primarily sensitive to electrical fields (they can help a shark sense prey by detecting the electrical fields generated by activities of the prey).They form a series of tube-like structures just beneath and parallel to the skin. A basic pattern of closed circulatory vessels is largely preserved in most living forms. 393434). Chimaeras take in water chiefly through the nostrils, keeping the mouth closed for the most part. Osteichthyes have a remarkable set of evolutionary tools to help them navigate their environment, detect predators and prey, and defend themselves in a diverse undersea world. The nervous system comprises of the brain and ten pairs of the cranial nerves. Phylogenetic systematics of extant chimaeroid fishes (Holocephali, Chimaeroidei). In chondrichthyans, the nervous system is composed of a small brain, 8-10 pairs of cranial nerves, and a spinal chord with spinal nerves. - Facts, Uses, Properties & Formula, Conditioned Inhibition: Definition, Process & Example, Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Diagnosis, Rehab & Recovery, Depression & Long-Term Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community, Pituitary Gland, Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Pineal Body, Saccus Vasculosus, Relays messages and helps maintain homeostasis, Superficial White Zone, Central Zone, Deep White Zone, Periventricular Gray Zone, Needed to maintain equilibrium and relay messages. The Wolffian ducts in males and Mullerian ducts in females become the functional urogenital ducts. Many of these structures are important for secreting hormones or acting as relay centers which transfer messages to different parts of the brain; for example, the pineal body helps fishes to detect light and dark. 1254). Electroreception. American Museum Novitates, 2017(3875), 115. Integrative Zoology, 4(1), 312. Like the nervous systems of other organisms, fish detect stimuli with sensory nerves that bring signals to the central nervous system. A spiracle is a small hole found behind each eye. Each clasper has a groove for guidance of sperm. This lesson will discuss the nervous system of fishes in more detail, including the anatomy of the fish nervous system, how fish brain anatomy compares to that of a human, and the two components of a fish's nervous system. In: Vonk, J., Shackelford, T.K. After emerging from its capsule, the embryo remains in the oviduct of the mother, nourished by the yolk sac to which it remains attached. Pectoral morphology in Doliodus: Bridging the acanthodian-chondrichthyan divide. Cartilaginous fish are considered to have evolved from acanthodians.The discovery of Entelognathus and several examinations of acanthodian characteristics indicate that bony fish evolved directly from placoderm like ancestors, while acanthodians represent a paraphyletic assemblage leading to Chondrichthyes. 11051112). The mesencephalon sits superior to the diencephalon and contains the superficial white zone, central zone, deep white zone, and periventricular gray zone. Some species have electric organs which can be used for defense and predation. ), Biology of sharks and their relatives II (pp. Many modern fish fall within this group, though they are distantly related to their cousins the cartilaginous fish, or Chondrichthyes (con-DRICK-thees), which include sharks, skates, and rays. The principle component of shark liver oil is called squalene. Calcium deposits provide strength to the endoskeleton, which is composed of cartilage. - 139.59.14.115. Thus, it is unknown whether the dermal or oral teeth evolved first. CrossRef The peripheral nervous system contains the many nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord and articulate with other structures in the body. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14068. Relative eye size in elasmobranchs. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Correspondence to Animals that possess jaws are known as gnathostomes, meaning "jawed mouth.". https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphysparis.2008.10.005. Some chondrichthyans guard their eggs after birth, but there is no parental care. Schluessel, V., Bennett, M. B., Bleckmann, H., Blomberg, S., & Collin, S. P. (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-010-9162-x. The disk of the eastern Pacific round stingray (Urolophus halleri) increases in width on the average from 75 mm (3 inches) at birth to 150 mm (6 inches) when mature (that is, at 2.6 years old). This is a form of asexual reproduction in which an embryo develops without being fertilized. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.03.012. Maruska, K. P., & Tricas, T. C. (2004). Signals are sent out to structures via somatic motor nerves or visceral motor nerves. Describe how the Ampullae of Lorenzini helps Chondrichthyans navigate and migrate. https://doi.org/10.1159/000100036. In rays, the pectoral fins are connected to the head and are very flexible. https://doi.org/10.1038/421495a. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.01140. A review of the sensory biology of chimaeroid fishes (Chondrichthyes; Holocephali). It also contains the cerebrum, which plays an important role in olfactory processes. Journal of Fish Biology, 95(1), 135154. Journal of Physiology-Paris, 102(46), 256271. In chondrichthyans, the nervous system is composed of a small brain, 8-10 pairs of cranial nerves, and a spinal chord with spinal nerves. Most of the rays, on the other hand, take in water chiefly through the spiracles; these then close by contraction at their anterior margins, which bear rudimentary gill filaments and a spiracular valve. Vigh-Teichmann, I., Vigh, B., Silva, M. M., & Aros, B. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 60(13), 4775. In A. Oppel (Ed. Osteichthyes fishes are another group of fishes, which are bony fishes. CrossRef Remarks on the inner ear of elasmobranchs and its interpretation from skeletal labyrinth morphology. Academic Press. Boca Raton: CRC Press. The nervous system is composed of the nerves, spinal cord, and brain. The eggs are enveloped in a horny shell, usually equipped with tendrils for coiling around solid objects or with spikelike projections for anchoring in mud or sand. (Campagno et al. Meredith, T. L., & Kajiura, S. M. (2010). More specifically, do fishes have brains? Carrier, J. Musick, & M. Heithaus (Eds. Can grow up to 7.3m (24ft) and more than 1,400kg (3,100lb). Chondrichthyes' sensory systems are part of the nervous system responsible for receiving external and internal stimuli and translating them into nerve. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007647924559. They dont reach sexual maturity until 156 22 years! The hindbrain contains the cerebellum, the part of the brain that controls movement and balance in humans. Chondrichthyes Sensory Systems. In addition to eating other fish, molluscs, and crustaceans, predatory fishes also feed on other species of fish. Sensory physiology and behavior of elasmobranchs. 11051112). A distinct heterocercal tail protrudes from the lower lobe as well as the extension of vertebrae into the upper lobe. Kajiura, S. M., Cornett, A. D., & Yopak, K. E. (2010). Sharks, skates, and rays all of these fishes have cartilaginous Skeleton because the density of the cartilage is very less which helps the sharks to move faster in the water without the use of more energy and keeps them afloat. There are two superclasses of Gnathostomata, viz. Corwin, J. T. (1978). Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 20(4), 571590. Habitat: Majority of the Elasmobranchii live in saltwater ocean; however, an estimated 43 species including skates, smooth dogfishes, river sharks, pajama catsharks, and sandfishes, stingrays, sawfishes, and bull shark and many more are known to feed or reproduce in freshwater rivers. The somatotopic organization of the olfactory bulb in elasmobranchs. Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior pp 111Cite as. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Maruska, K. P. (2001). A response is generated, and a signal is brought to specific structures through motor neurons, such as somatic motor neurons, which deliver messages to muscles, or visceral neurons, which deliver messages to visceral organs. Caputi, . Journal of Morphology, 250(3), 236264. In Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology. They differ from Chondrichthyes, which have a skeleton composed largely of cartilage. The subclass Holocephali, which is a very specialized group, lacks both the Leydig's and epigonal organs. Most species have large well-developed eyes. The nervous system of bony fishes contains homologous (or similar) structures to that of humans. Corwin, J. T. (1978). Some of the sharks, probably all the skates, possibly some of the guitarfishes, and all of the chimaeras are oviparous (egg-laying species). Important note: Oviparous, viviparous, ovoviviparous are not terms exclusive to sharks! Why do Sharks consider Cartilaginous Fishes? Some nerves come directly from the brain and are responsible for picking up important sensory information such as taste, smell, and sight. The General Characteristics of Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes. Osteichthyes (oss-tee-ICK-thees), or bony fish, are a major group of fish that possess a bony skeleton. Hueter, R. E., Mann, D. A., Maruska, K. P., Sisneros, J. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 61(2), 125133. Carrier, J. Musick, & M. Heithaus (Eds. Their blunt teeth allow them to eat mostly fish and invertebrates. Maisey, J. G. (2001). https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1951.sp004638. Journal of Fish Biology, 95(1), 135154. Include what previous structure the jaw is thought to have evolved from. Journal of Fish Biology, 80(5), 20552088. Chondrichthyans have a closed circulatory system. Question: What does that mean for ovoviviparous organisms in terms of the evolutionary continuum? https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-4877.2008.00130.x. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004410000328. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00206272. What is the Reproduction Process of Chondrichthyes? Class Chondrichthyes " Cartilaginous Fish" Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Sub Phylum: Verterbrata Class: Chondrichthyes Cell and Tissue Research, 228(1), 139148. B., & Kajiura, S. M. (2019). 11051112). (1983). In: Vonk, J., Shackelford, T. (eds) Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior. Kajiura, S. M., Cornett, A. D., & Yopak, K. E. (2010). In J. C. Carrier, J. Journal of Fish Biology, 95(1), 92134. Olfactory morphology and physiology of elasmobranchs. The mesencephalon is also often referred to as the mid brain. 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