tape d'une dmonstration; arcus senilis vs cataract The Content on this Site is presented in a summary fashion, and is intended to be used for educational and entertainment purposes only. For other causes, the . Senile cataract is frequently found in the elderly, resulting in blurred vision and may ultimately cause blindness. A person with arcus senilis may notice a white, gray, or blue circle or arc around the cornea of the eye. Many studies in 2010 reveal that cataracts are most common in the White American race, where prevalence ranges from 17 to 18% per 100 people. AS is a clinical diagnosis. Arcus senilis can lead to white, gray, and blue circles or arc with a sharp outer border, in front of the eyes. Older adults are more prone to arcus senilis because blood vessels in the eye open with age, allowing more cholesterol to enter. Typically, this type of cataract does not cause vision problems. Redox biology. To diagnose, an ophthalmologist will examine the eye with a microscope called the slit lamp. We disclaim all responsibility for the professional qualifications and licensing of, and services provided by, any physician or other health providers posting on or otherwise referred to on this Site and/or any Third Party Site. Most cataracts develop in people over age 55, but they occasionally occur in infants and young children or as a result of trauma or medications. Unilateral arcus senilis has been associated with ocular hypotony, carotid artery stenosis, or asymmetric cranial vascular supply [14]. A cataract is a clouding or opacification of the normally clear lens of the eye or its capsule (surrounding transparent membrane) that obscures the passage of light through the lens to the retina of the eye. [8], Last edited on 22 December 2022, at 03:25, "Arcus senilis: its relation to certain attributes and risk factors in patients with coronary heart disease", "Xanthelasmata, arcus corneae, and ischaemic vascular disease and death in general population: prospective cohort study", "The association of corneal arcus with coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease mortality in the Lipid Research Clinics Mortality Follow-up Study", "Correlating corneal arcus with atherosclerosis in familial hypercholesterolemia", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arcus_senilis&oldid=1128812423, arcus adiposus, arcus juvenilis, arcus lipoides corneae, arcus cornealis. A whitish yellow band is noted first in the superior and inferior perilimbal cornea, progressing circumferentially to form a mat-white or yellow-white band about 1 mm wide. www.science-photo.de! However, since I started with Brite Eyes I continue with it. Symptoms. Addendum. Corneal Arcus is a Sign of Cardiovascular Disease, Even in Low-Risk Persons. The appearance of a corneal arch does not mean that you have liver problems or high cholesterol . The band is usually wider in the vertical than the horizontal meridian. My retinal specialist is following the improvement and I next see him in May 2011. Arcus senilis never affects vision. This blinding disease can affect infants, adults, and older people, but it predominates the latter group. AS is caused by leakage of lipoproteins from limbal capillaries into the corneal stroma. Arcus senilis is a white, gray or blue cloudy arc that begins to form around the outer edge of the cornea. When it comes to your health, timing is everything. The material in the arcus is cholesterol so, especially in younger individuals, testing blood fats (lipids) and treating if elevated may slow progression in size. As a cataract forms, it prevents light from passing through and causes blurred vision. AnnotationArcus senilis and coronary artery disease. Please enable it in your browser. and resource agency dedicated to Pola hidup sehat yang tidak seimbang (kurang . Close-up of the eye of an elderly diabetic man, showing the eye condition arcus senilis (greyish line around the edge of the iris) and cataract (opacity in the eye lens). financial solutions. How is arcus senilis diagnosed? Traditional medicine traditionally discredits alternative medicine, without bothering to investigate its claims or cures. Patients who have mild symptoms can receive treatment as an outpatient with refractive glasses and pupillary dilatation. The link between arcus senilis and high cholesterol in older people is a subject of debate among medical professionals. However, arcus senilis doesn't affect your vision. Arcus senilis usually isn't a serious problem: It poses no threat to eyesight, though it could be a sign of other health problems in some people. I have to believe there is help out there. As someone ages, their blood vessels widen and allow more cholesterol and other fats to build up in the eye. Related: age-related corneal degenerations. No studies have revealed any link between prescription of systemic steroids or steroids eye drops and the recurrence or complication of cataract, and thus steroids are not routinely prescribed. If the night blindness is related to vitamin A deficiency, supplements would be prescribed. [2], Unilateral AS can be associated with contralateral carotid artery stenosis or decreased intraocular pressure in the affected eye. 1 . Thank you, kathy. Arcus Senilis, Ear Lobe Crease & Nonsustained Ventricular Tachycardia Symptom Checker: Possible causes include Arteriosclerosis. (I prepare the saffron myself.) 838 Annotations .4m. other supplements? Continue with Recommended Cookies. There is a European treatment that I am using. High cholesterol levels can be due to diet, lifestyle, or genetics. The rest is made by our liver. The AAO states that nearly all people will eventually develop the condition, and that it appears to be more common in men. This image is not available for purchase in your country. Never disregard the medical advice of your physician or health professional, or delay in seeking such advice, because of something you read on this Site. This blinding disease can affect infants, adults, and older people, but it predominates the latter group. After the age of 80, nearly 100% of adults will develop arcus senilis. Am. However, a prospective cohort study of 12,745 Danes followed up for a mean of 22 years found that AS had no clinical value as a predictor of CVD. The cloudiness is caused by blood vessels in the eye that begin to release fat (lipid) deposits in the outer cornea. As a cataract forms, it prevents light from passing through and causes blurred vision. It's. Although the appearance of arcus senilis may be concerning, they do not affect a persons vision and are not a sign of a serious medical condition. Diabetic patients are more prone to cataract; other causes of cataract are metabolic disease, direct injury, and prolonged exposure to infrared rays of light. [Level 5], Rong X,Rao J,Li D,Jing Q,Lu Y,Ji Y, TRIM69 inhibits cataractogenesis by negatively regulating p53. For women, onset of AS begins at age 50 and is present in nearly all females by age 90. Furrow degeneration in arcus senilis. The association of corneal arcus with coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease mortality in the Lipid Research Clinics Mortality Follow-up Study. Arcus senilis affects the outer part of your cornea. Whatever be the reason, this condition does not cause any complications or affect a persons vision. Is arcus senilis a sign of high cholesterol? Known as Arcus senilis, this could be a symptom of high cholesterol; it is more likely to appear in men as opposed to women. The l-carnosine drops remove debris. Senile cataract is a vision-impairing disease caused by age, and it is characterized by the gradual progressive thickening of the lens in the eye. Those with more severe disease or with advanced age should be advised elective surgery as a day-case procedure.[15]. & Bowling, B. The lipid in AS is found to be concentrated mainly in two layers of the peripheral cornea: Descemet's membrane and Bowman's layer, with more deposition in the former[4][13]. 114, 217229 (1974). Causes and risk factors for arcus senilis. 1550520. When arcus senilis develops in early or middle life, it is referred to as arcus juvenilis. 2019 Jun [PubMed PMID: 30843153], Sugawa H,Matsuda S,Shirakawa JI,Kabata K,Nagai R, [Preventive Effects of Aphanothece sacrum on Diabetic Cataracts]. Corneal arcus, also known as arcus senilis or arcus juvenilis depending on the age of presentation, is characterized by a white or gray ring around the corneal periphery. People with arcus senilis are unlikely to have any other symptoms, and their vision will remain unaffected. Arcus senilis is a deposition of lipid at the corneal periphery. . A cataract is a disease of the eye in which the normally clear lens has opacified which obscures the passage of light. If these rings begin to appear around middle age or later, they are usually nothing to worry about. Due to its association with hyperlipidemia, AS is particularly common in people with familial hypercholesterolemia and xanthelasma[1][7][8][9]. Most of this information is erroneous and some such as MSM harmful. Can you tell how is your arcus senilis current status? Several conditions can have a similar color and appearance. It mostly affects the top and the bottom of the cornea and over time the arc grows and forms a complete ring. Recent studies reveal that in most of the cases, the prognosis is excellent after surgery almost 70 to 80%. Please check your email for further instructions. I can't wait to see the progress in six months - in one year. Addendum. Eventually, the arc may become a complete ring around the colored portion (iris) of your eye. Causes of arcus senilis. As we age, our blood vessels enlarge and allow cholesterol and fat to leak out. There is no treatment for arcus senile. Diagnosis and treatment of cataracts require an interprofessional team approach, to include primary care providers (physicians, PAs, NPs), specialists (ophthalmologists, ophthalmic surgeons), and nursing support. Lipid accumulation within the peripheral corneal stroma circumferentially is called arcus senilis (AS). Congenital cataracts and other vision problems This approach helps to ensure timely and effective patient care and optimal outcomes. I will report when the cure is complete, along with details. Corneal arcus, otherwise known as arcus senilis for seniors or arcus juvenilis for those under 40, is typically an age-related condition that creates a deposit of cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides in an "arc" on either the top or bottom side of the iris, inside the cornea. Was told there was no reversing it. 21, 339344 (2014). Cornea. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Netherlands heart journal : monthly journal of the Netherlands Society of Cardiology and the Netherlands Heart Foundation. This activity illustrates the evaluation and treatment of cataracts and reviews the role of the interprofessional team in managing patients with this condition. As these are serious medical conditions, unilateral AS should be examined by a physician. The problem instead seems to be why the tubules of the hypertensive patient which are capable of rejecting appropriately . Copyright 2023 Healthgrades Marketplace, LLC, Patent US Nos. Arcus senilis is the medical terminology for a thin gray or white ring that often appears around the colored part of people's eyes after about 60 years of age. It is the result of the normal aging process and comes from a build-up of protein on the eyes lens. Arcus senilis is a symptom of aging and affects about 60% of adults from the ages 50 to 60. Arcus senilis is a gray or white arc visible above and below the outer part of the cornea the clear, domelike covering over the front of the eye. Image License and Citation Guidelines. 18, 449462 (1982). Rarely, AS may contain scintillating crystals or crystalloid edges which are characteristic of many lipid keratopathies. What Is the Main Causative Factor in the Development of Arcus Senilis? Cataracts at age of 30 , no risk factors very healthy ? In a population-based cross-sectional study in 2011 of 3397 ethnic Indians aged 40 to 80 in Singapore, presence of AS was associated with CVD (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.7; P = .0038) independent of the risk factors in the paragraph above[3]. I have macular degeneration in my left eye. What To Expect From LASIK Laser Eye Surgery? A person's eyes say so much - about their personality, their feelings, and even their health. The circle or arc will have a sharp outer border but a blurred inner border. Blacks were the second-highest affected by cataracts, with a 13% prevalence rate, followed by Hispanics with a prevalence rate of almost 12%. This disease is the world's leading cause of. Response to refractive glasses in the early stage of cataract is usually satisfactory. However, if it is due to high cholesterol, a doctor may recommend a diet low in saturated fats and high in fruits, vegetables, and fiber. However, if the ring appears in young adults, it may sometimes be a sign of high cholesterol. Yes, please share your progress and cures, thank you : ), DO NOT apply MSM to the eye it is toxic. Also, how do you make your own drops? AS is due to a deposition of lipid in the peripheral cornea and is generally considered a normal aging process. Causes Arcus senilis is caused by deposits of fat (lipids) in the outer part of your cornea. Cerulean cataracts usually are found in both eyes of infants and are distinguished by small, bluish dots in the lens. Munculnya Arcus Senilis pada usia muda, ini memang menandakan bahwa orang tersebut sedang dalam masalah kesehatan atau kondisi kolesterol yang buruk. Experimental eye research. I use one drop of each three times a day and take the weekends off. Arcus senilis vs. cataract A cataract is the clouding of the lens in the eye due to changes in protein structure. Am. Public Health 80, 12001204 (1990). 2022 May;70(5):1556-1563. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_2696_21. Our servers have detected that you are accessing this site from a restricted area. Cholesterol is one type of fat that appears in the blood due to various reasons. Weve got a crash course on metabolism basics. GB 340 7410 88. Unilateral disease may warrant a work up for carotid vascular disease. We disclaim all responsibility for the professional qualifications and licensing of, and services provided by, any physician or other health providers posting on or otherwise referred to on this Site and/or any Third Party Site. Stromal lipid initially deposits in the superior and inferior perilimbal cornea, progressing circumferentially to form a mat-white or yellow-white band about 1 mm wide. The circle or arc will have a sharp outer border but a blurred inner border. The patient should be urged to wear sunglasses when going out, wear a face mask of eye goggles when working with hazardous fluids or playing sports, and see an eye doctor on a regular basis. After People on Medicaid Die, Some States Aggressively Seek Repayment From Their Estates, Montana Seeks to Insulate Nursing Homes From Future Financial Crises, Your Money or Your Life: Patient on $50,000-a-Week Cancer Drug Fears Leaving Behind Huge Medical Debt, Nursing Home Owners Drained Cash During Pandemic While Residents Deteriorated. The condition is seen often in the elderly but is sometimes present at birth. Lipids can enter the bloodstream through the foods we eat, such as meat and dairy products. US toll free: 1-844 677 4151, General enquiries: info@sciencephoto.com It is not intended to be and should not be interpreted as medical advice or a diagnosis of any health or fitness problem, condition or disease; or a recommendation for a specific test, doctor, care provider, procedure, treatment plan, product, or course of action. The presence of an arcus senilis in males under the age of 50 may represent a risk factor for cardiovascular disease,[5] and these individuals should be screened for an underlying lipid disorder. More Californians Are Dying at Home. P<0.001). Arcus senilis is a common age-related condition in older people and, for them, it's not a sign of anything dangerous. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Differences in risk between patients with and without arcus senilis were not significant. Causes. [10] In a third study of white men (n = 3,930) and women non-hormone users (n = 2,139), ages 30-69, followed for an average of 8.4 years as part of the Lipid Research Clinics Mortality Follow-up Study, AS was associated with CHD (RR, 3.7; 95% CI, 0.9 to 14.7) and CVD mortality (RR, 4.0; 95% CI, 1.2 to 12.9) only in hyperlipidemic men ages 30-49 years[11]. The good news is that cataracts can be detected as part of a routine eye exam. Never disregard the medical advice of your physician or health professional, or delay in seeking such advice, because of something you read on this Site. Fats in the blood come from fatty foods in a persons diet. Model release not required. Hi, any news on your Corneal Arcus and treatment results? The patient was a known case of nephrotic syndrome with dyslipidemia for which he was on diuretics and lipid-lowering agents for 3 years. I use Brite Eyes III, but I think Can C and the others are probably just as good. Depending upon its size and location, it can interfere with normal vision. Prominent AS is often associated with decreased clarity on surgical view, as are other stromal opacities. Arcus senilis, also known as corneal arcus, is a white, light grey or blueish arc or circle that develops around the edge of the cornea. Vollara Air & Surface Pro+ Air & Surface Purifier Review: The best air purifier on the market. Ocular manifestations of osteogenesis imperfecta include blue sclera, megalocornea, and corneal arcus[1]. The Content on this Site is presented in a summary fashion, and is intended to be used for educational and entertainment purposes only. The diagnosis of corneal arcus is made . Surgery can remove cataracts. J. Ophthalmol. The interior border of AS has a diffuse appearance, while the exterior border is well demarcated. Forsius, H. Arcus senilis corneae; its clinical development and relationship to serum lipids, proteins and lipoproteins. One of the signs something may be wrong is a gray, blueish or white ring that extends around the outer part of the iris or cornea. Copyright 2022, WellPath Partners. However, many in the medical community believe that a finding of xanthelasma or arcus senilis is benign and unrelated to atherosclerosis or death. It can be associated with hyperlipidemia and several other risk factors, but overall has a good prognosis with little to no effect on visual acuity and ocular health. A cataract is the clouding in the lens that occurs due to a change in its protein structure. Created by Sawah Dev. The opaque ring in the cornea does not resolve with treatment of a causative disease process, and can create cosmetic concerns. One study found that corneal hysteresis and corneal resistance factor values of eyes with AS were lower when compared with age-matched controls, but there were no differences in other parameters, such as IOP, central corneal thickness, spherical equivalent value of the refractive error, axial length measurements, and mean keratometry[16]. Manage Settings The cloudiness does not impair the vision in any way and has no other symptoms. The clear space between the exterior border and the limbus is called the interval of vogt. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arcus_Senilis.jpg, https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/arcus-senilis-list, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554370/#article-17807.s2, https://eyewiki.org/w/index.php?title=Arcus_Senilis&oldid=89409. Describe the reduced visual acuity in the physical exam findings of those with cataracts. 2019 Mar 1; [PubMed PMID: 30824995], Chew FLM,Qurut SE,Hassan I,Lim ST,Ramasamy S,Rahmat J, Paediatric cataract surgery in Hospital Kuala Lumpur - A 5-year review of visual outcomes. There is no other symptom in people with arcus senilis and their vision may remain unaffected. While using the drops you cannot take lutein, zeaxanthin, or n-acetyl-cysteine. The numbers in the parentheses (1, 2, 3) are clickable links to peer-reviewed scientific papers. A cataract is a clouding or opacification of the normally clear lens of the eye or its capsule (surrounding transparent membrane) that obscures the passage of light through the lens to the retina of the eye. Follow us on ALL social media platforms and join us weekly for more content and public health discussions. Some features of this website require JavaScript. For most people, arcus is benign and will not affect vision. Here are five warning signs to watch for. [5], In men, AS is increasingly found starting at age 40, and is present in nearly 100% of men over the age of 80. Arcus senilis can lead to white, gray, and blue circles or arc with a sharp outer border, in front of the eyes. Arcus generally initially begins in the superior and inferior regions of the cornea, which have greater perfusion than the central cornea. Arcus senilis is common in older adults. Many patients with a monofocalIOL may requirerefractive glasses to achieve their best visual acuity after surgical cataract removal. The specific causative factor linked to arcus senilis is not known. Can you please tell me what you did, in terms of how often you took what and in what form, to improve your cataracts and arcus senilus? You could however consider soft colored contact lens. Vestnik oftalmologii. New Delhi: High cholesterol is a condition characterised by abnormally high levels of cholesterol - a waxy substance in the blood - that threatens heart health. Science Photo Library (SPL) Registered in England and Wales no. Arcus senilis itself is not life-threatening, but high cholesterol levels caused by the condition can cause serious complications such as heart attacks.. Arcus senilis, also referred to as corneal arcus, is a bluish-gray or white arc that can be seen above and below the outer section of the cornea.It is the transparent, dome-like covering over the front of the eye. Stop abusing our health and threatening our lives to pad pocketbooks and Big pharma. In this unique and fascinating report from Missouri Medicine, world-renowned expert Dr. Raymond Moody examines what really happens when we almost die. Corneal arcus, otherwise known as arcus senilis for seniors or arcus juvenilis for those under 40, is typically an age-related condition that creates a deposit of cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides in an "arc" on either the top or bottom side of the iris, inside the cornea. Arcus senilis is caused by deposits of fat (lipids) in the outer part of your cornea. l Hello I dream of one day discarding my eyeglasses, but that is probably a dream. Arcus senilis is common in older adults. Medical Videos Privacy Policy, Images and Text Policy Editorial Policy, Information Policy Advertising Policy, Financial Disclosure Policy Cookie Policy, About Us Contact Us. Smanjenje razine kolesterola s prehranom, vjebanjem i lijekovima moe smanjiti rizike od bolesti srca. The rings are made up of fatty deposits called lipids. Its usually caused by cholesterol deposits, so it may be a sign of high cholesterol. [9] A routine eye examination is advisable, which will detect any cataract development in the other eye. gold coast shark attack video; giant schnauzer service dog for sale To diagnose arcus senilis, a doctor will perform an eye examination. The material in the arcus is cholesterol so, especially in younger individuals, testing blood fats (lipids) and treating if elevated may slow progression in size. Kanski, J. J. Arcus senilis: Causes, which was connected with the main incision. My floaters improved when I took Macular Degeneration Supplement, and 1/2 Tblsp. A 2021 article states that arcus senilis is white, blue, or grey rings around the cornea, which is the clear, dome-like part of the eye. "An ophthalmologist can simply look at your eye to diagnose arcus senilis," said the American Academy of . 66, 211213 (1961). It is believed that increased permeability of limbal vessels with age allows for low-density lipoproteins to pass through the cornea, which may explain why it is found in > 70% of patients over the age of 60[4][5]. I found only two studies on the drops and neither went beyond one year. This content is not available in your current region. I would very much appreciate any help or direction for reversing or reducing the effects of arcus senilis. Cataracts may grow over time and completely impede vision. (2) In children and young adults, this condition is referred to as arcus juveniles. J. Pathol. Raj, K. M., Reddy, P. A. S. & Kumar, V. C. Significance of corneal arcus. Arcus senilis occurs due to fat deposits, or lipids, forming in the outer part of the cornea. Over time, the arcs can grow and connect, forming a complete ring. The disease process progresses gradually without affecting daily activities early on, but with time, especially after the fourth or fifth decade, the cataract will eventually mature, making the lens completely opaque to light interfering with routine activities. It's caused by fat (lipid) deposits deep in the edge of the cornea. It is dependent on vascularity for formation and is not a degenerative change. When arcus senilis occurs in older adults, it isn't related to high cholesterol. I had cataracts in both eyes, macular degeneration in the left eye and arcus senilis in both. Peripheral thinning as seen in slit-lamp view. This arc is formed from fatty deposits (mostly cholesterol) known as lipids. Senior Care Advising Intern at WellPath Partners, Health Care Administration Student at California State University, Long Beach. If someone has an arc it would complete to forming a circle in front of the eyes. There is no treatment for arcus senile. International journal of ophthalmology. [17]. 150, 581587.e1 (2010). Patterson, L. Arcus senilis. Case of Arcus Senilis a 55-year-old male patient presented with complaints of blurred vision in both eyes for 2 years. However a lipid panel can help identify aforementioned risk factors. This is done at the slit lamp. MedHelp is not a medical or healthcare provider and your use of this Site does not create a doctor / patient relationship. If there is a new development of cloudiness in your eye, it can be a bit worrisome with the fear of cataracts or glaucoma, both of which can be detrimental to the vision. The lens is a transparent structure made up of fibers (modified epithelial cells) enclosed in a membranous structure called lens capsule. Hydrophilic acrylic IOLs can be easily implanted under irrigating fluid. The rings on my eyes have further improved since I last posted. . This is not entirely known, but it has been linked to hyperlipidemia and dyslipidemia. Arcus senilis does not affect a persons vision and also does not signal any serious medical condition. Acta Ophthalmol. High levels of cholesterol in a persons blood can cause significant problems, such as coronary artery disease or cardiovascular disease. Although it is common and harmless, if it begins to develop in adults under the age of 45 it may be an indication of high cholesterol and high triglycerides which could be associated with an increased risk of heart disease, so it is best to consult a physician. The 2023 edition of ICD-10-CM H18.413 became effective on October 1, 2022. Cataracts area significant cause of blindness worldwide. It occurs when deposits of fat surround the cornea of the eye. Arcus senilis is common as the eyes age. A person with arcus senilis may develop: A white, gray, or blue circle around the cornea of the eye. On examination, his visual acuity was 6/9 in both eyes with cloudy cornea and arcus . The band typically begins as a short arc along the top and bottom of the cornea and over time the arcs may connect and make a complete ring around the peripheral cornea. However, if they appear in someone is under 40 years of age, they should contact a doctor to ensure that they do not have high cholesterol. Follow us on social media for all the latest news and resources! If a doctor suspects both arcus senilis and atherosclerosis, they will usually refer people to their primary care doctor, an internist, or a cardiologist. In young adults, it could be due to high cholesterol levels. The liver also produces them. 2019 Apr [PubMed PMID: 30844644], Vlastra W,Claessen BE,Beijk MA,Sjauw KD,Streekstra GJ,Wykrzykowska JJ,Vis MM,Koch KT,de Winter RJ,Piek JJ,Henriques JPS,Delewi R, Cardiology fellows-in-training are exposed to relatively high levels of radiation in the cath lab compared with staff interventional cardiologists-insights from the RECAP trial. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. I am using MSM drops (which I make myself) and drops that contain l-carnosine. Traditional medicine needs to stand up and take notice. 327-329 Harrow Road The Best IOL for 2022 RXSight Light Adjusted Lens, Will refractive surgery such as LASIK keep me out of glasses all my life, Near-Death Experiences: An Essay in Medicine & Philosophy, 5 Signs Your Loved One May Be Suffering From Hearing Loss. Didn't find the answer you were looking for? 7,752,060 and 8,719,052.

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